[1]
Aalen, L. 2014. Ethiopian state support to insurgency in Southern Sudan from 1962 to 1983: local, regional and global connections. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 8, 4 (Oct. 2014), 626–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2014.949403.
[2]
Aalen, L. and Tronvoll, K. 2009. The end of democracy? Curtailing political and civil rights in Ethiopia. Review of African Political Economy. 36, 120 (June 2009), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240903065067.
[3]
Abbink, J. 1998. Briefing: the Eritrean-Ethiopian border dispute. African Affairs. 97, 389 (1998), 551–565.
[4]
Abbink, J. 2005. Discomfiture of democracy? The 2005 election crisis in Ethiopia and its aftermath. African Affairs. 105, 419 (Oct. 2005), 173–199. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adi122.
[5]
Abbink, J. 2005. Discomfiture of democracy? The 2005 election crisis in Ethiopia and its aftermath. African Affairs. 105, 419 (Oct. 2005), 173–199. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adi122.
[6]
Abdi Ismail Samatar 1992. Destruction of State and Society in Somalia: Beyond the Tribal Convention. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 30, 4 (1992), 625–641.
[7]
African Rights (Organization) 1995. Rwanda: death, despair, and defiance. African Rights.
[8]
Africa’s illiberal state-builders — Refugee Studies Centre: http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/africas-illiberal-state-builders.
[9]
Alemseged Abbay 1998. Identity jilted, or, Re-imagining identity?: the divergent paths of the Eritrean and Tigrayan nationalist struggles. Red Sea Press.
[10]
Ali A. Mazrui 1975. The Resurrection of the Warrior Tradition in African Political Culture. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 13, 1 (1975), 67–84.
[11]
Ali A. Mazrui 1975. The Resurrection of the Warrior Tradition in African Political Culture. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 13, 1 (1975), 67–84.
[12]
Ali, T.M.A. and Matthews, R.O. 1999. Civil wars in Africa: roots and resolution. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
[13]
Ali, T.M.A. and Matthews, R.O. 1999. Civil wars in Africa: roots and resolution. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
[14]
Allen, T. 2006. Trial justice: the international criminal court and the Lord’s Resistance Army. Zed.
[15]
Allen, Tim 1991. Inspired Leadership?: Understanding Alice: Uganda’s Holy Spirit Movement in Context. Africa (London. 1928). 61, 3 (1991), 370–399.
[16]
Anderson, D. 2006. Histories of the hanged: Britain’s dirty war in Kenya and the end of empire. Phoenix.
[17]
Anderson, D.M. 2012. British abuse and torture in Kenya’s counter-insurgency, 1952–1960. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 23, 4–5 (Oct. 2012), 700–719. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2012.709760.
[18]
Anderson, D.M. 2011. Mau Mau in the High Court and the ‘Lost’ British Empire Archives: Colonial Conspiracy or Bureaucratic Bungle? The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 39, 5 (Dec. 2011), 699–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.629082.
[19]
Anderson, R. 2004. The forgotten front: the East African campaign, 1914-1918. Tempus.
[20]
Aregawi Berhe 2004. The Origins of the Tigray People’s Liberation Front. African Affairs. 103, 413 (2004), 569–592.
[21]
Atkinson, R.R. et al. 2012. Do no harm: assessing a military approach to the Lord’s Resistance Army. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 6, 2 (May 2012), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2012.669591.
[22]
Austen, R.A. 1987. African economic history: internal development and external dependency. James Currey.
[23]
Azam, J.-P. 2002. Looting and conflict between ethnoregional groups: lessons for state formation in Africa. The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 46, 1 (2002), 131–153.
[24]
Baggallay, A.R. 2011. Myths of Mau Mau expanded: rehabilitation in Kenya’s detention camps, 1954–60. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 5, 3 (Aug. 2011), 553–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2011.611677.
[25]
Bahru Zewde 1991. A history of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1974. Currey.
[26]
Bakonyi, J. 2009. Moral economies of mass violence: Somalia 1988–1991. Civil Wars. 11, 4 (Dec. 2009), 434–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698240903403790.
[27]
Barnes, C. and Hassan, H. 2007. The rise and fall of Mogadishu’s Islamic courts. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 1, 2 (July 2007), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531050701452382.
[28]
Beachey, R.W. 1962. The arms trade in East Africa in the late nineteenth century. The Journal of African History. 3, 3 (1962), 451–467.
[29]
Behrend, H. 1999. Alice Lakwena & the holy spirits: war in northern Uganda, 1985-97. James Currey.
[30]
Behrend, H. and Luig, U. 1999. Spirit possession, modernity and power in Africa. James Currey.
[31]
Beloff, M. and Beloff, M. 1969. Imperial sunset: Vol.1: Britain’s liberal empire, 1897-1921. Methuen.
[32]
Bennett, H.C. 2013. Fighting the Mau Mau: the British Army and counter-insurgency in the Kenya Emergency. Cambridge University Press.
[33]
Bennett, N.R. 1971. Chapter 1: The Nyamwezi and the Arabs. Mirambo of Tanzania, 1840?-1884. Oxford University Press. 3–32.
[34]
Berdal, M. 2005. Beyond greed and grievance. Review of International Studies. 31, 04 (Oct. 2005). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210505006698.
[35]
Berman, B. and Lonsdale, J. 1992. Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya & Africa, Bk.1: State & class. James Currey.
[36]
Berman, B. and Lonsdale, J. 1992. Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya and Africa, Bk.2: Violence & ethnicity. James Currey.
[37]
Berman, B.J. 1991. Nationalism, ethnicity, and modernity: the paradox of Mau Mau. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines. 25, 2 (1991), 181–206.
[38]
Besteman, C. 1996. Violent politics and the politics of violence: the dissolution of the Somali nation-state. American Ethnologist. 23, 3 (1996), 579–596.
[39]
Black, J. 2003. War in the modern world since 1815. Routledge.
[40]
Bradbury, M. 2008. Becoming Somaliland. James Currey.
[41]
Branch, D. 2009. Defeating Mau Mau, creating Kenya: counterinsurgency, civil war, and decolonization. Cambridge University Press.
[42]
Branch, D. 2007. The enemy within: loyalists and the war against Mau Mau in Kenya. The Journal of African History. 48, 2 (2007), 291–315.
[43]
Brantlinger, P. 1988. Rule of darkness: British literature and imperialism, 1830-1914. Cornell University Press.
[44]
Brett, E.A. 1995. Neutralising the use of force in Uganda: the role of the military in politics. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 33, 1 (1995), 129–152.
[45]
Bruce-Lockhart, K. 2014. "Unsound” minds and broken bodies: the detention of "hardcore” Mau Mau women at Kamiti and Gitamayu Detention Camps in Kenya, 1954–1960. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 8, 4 (Oct. 2014), 590–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2014.948148.
[46]
Catharine Newbury 1998. Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda. Africa Today. 45, 1 (1998), 7–24.
[47]
Catherine Besteman 1996. Representing Violence and ‘Othering’ Somalia. Cultural Anthropology. 11, 1 (1996), 120–133.
[48]
Caulk, R. 1984. Bad men of the borders: Shum and Shefta in northern Ethiopia in the 19th Century. International journal of African historical studies. 17, 2 (1984), 201–227.
[49]
Chabal, P. and Daloz, J.-P. 1999. Africa works: disorder as political instrument. International African Institute in association with James Currey, Oxford.
[50]
Clapham, C.S. 1996. Africa and the international system: the politics of state survival. Cambridge University Press.
[51]
Clapham, C.S. 1996. Africa and the international system: the politics of state survival. Cambridge University Press.
[52]
Clapham, C.S. 1998. African guerrillas. Indiana University Press.
[53]
Clapham, C.S. 1998. African guerrillas. Indiana University Press.
[54]
Clapham, C.S. 1998. African guerrillas. Indiana University Press.
[55]
Clapham, C.S. 1998. African guerrillas. Indiana University Press.
[56]
Clapham, C.S. 1998. African guerrillas. Indiana University Press.
[57]
Clapham, C.S. 1998. African guerrillas. Indiana University Press.
[58]
Clapham, C.S. 1998. African guerrillas. Indiana University Press.
[59]
Clapham, C.S. 1990. Transformation and continuity in revolutionary Ethiopia. Cambridge University Press.
[60]
Claude E. Welch Jr. 1975. Continuity and Discontinuity in African Military Organisation. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 13, 2 (1975), 229–248.
[61]
Clayton, A. and Killingray, D. 1989. Khaki and blue: military and police in British colonial Africa. Ohio University Center for International Studies.
[62]
Cliffe, L. and Davidson, B. 1988. The long struggle of Eritrea for independence and constructive peace. Spokesman.
[63]
Collier, P. and Hoeffler, A. 2004. Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers. 56, 4 (2004), 563–595.
[64]
Collins, R.O. 2008. A history of modern Sudan. Cambridge University Press.
[65]
Connell, D. 2001. Inside the EPLF: the origins of the people’s party’ & its role in the liberation of Eritrea. Review of African Political Economy. 28, 89 (Sept. 2001), 345–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240108704545.
[66]
Cooper, F. 2002. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. Cambridge University Press.
[67]
Crummey, D. 1986. Banditry, rebellion and social protest in Africa. Currey.
[68]
Dallaire, R. and Beardsley, B. 2004. Shake hands with the devil: the failure of humanity in Rwanda. Arrow.
[69]
Decalo, S. 1976. Coups and army rule in Africa: studies in military style. Yale University Press.
[70]
Deng, F.M. War of visions: conflict of identities in the Sudan.
[71]
Doyle, S. 2006. Crisis & decline in Bunyoro: population & environment in western Uganda 1860-1955. Crisis & decline in Bunyoro: population & environment in western Uganda 1860-1955. The British Institute in Eastern Africa.
[72]
Echenberg, M.J. 1991. Colonial conscripts: the Tirailleurs Sâenâegalais in French West Africa, 1857-1960. Heinemann.
[73]
Elkins, C. 2005. Imperial reckoning: the untold story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. Henry Holt.
[74]
Farrer, J.A. 1880. Savage and Civilized Warfare. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 9, (1880). https://doi.org/10.2307/2841700.
[75]
Farrer, J.A. 1880. Savage and Civilized Warfare. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 9, (1880). https://doi.org/10.2307/2841700.
[76]
Felicitas Becker 2004. Traders, ‘Big Men’ and Prophets: Political Continuity and Crisis in the Maji Maji Rebellion in Southeast Tanzania. The Journal of African History. 45, 1 (2004), 1–22.
[77]
Fèuredi, F. 1989. The Mau Mau war in perspective. Currey.
[78]
Filip Reyntjens 2004. Rwanda, ten years on: from genocide to dictatorship. African Affairs. 103, 411 (2004), 177–210.
[79]
Franey, L.E. 2003. Victorian travel writing and imperial violence: British writing on Africa, 1855-1902. Palgrave Macmillan.
[80]
Fujii, L.A. 2004. Transforming the moral landscape: the diffusion of a genocidal norm in Rwanda. Journal of Genocide Research. 6, 1 (Mar. 2004), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/1462352042000194737.
[81]
Fukui, K. and Markakis, J. 1994. Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa. James Currey.
[82]
Fukui, K. and Markakis, J. 1994. Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa. James Currey.
[83]
Fukui, K. and Markakis, J. 1994. Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa. James Currey.
[84]
Fukui, K. and Markakis, J. 1994. Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa. James Currey.
[85]
Gberie, Lansana The ‘Rebel’ Wars of Africa: From Political Contest to Criminal Violence? The Journal of Modern African Studies. 52, 1, 151–157.
[86]
Gebru Tareke 1991. Ethiopia: power and protest : peasant revolts in the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press.
[87]
Gebru Tareke 2009. The Ethiopian revolution: war in the Horn of Africa. Yale University Press.
[88]
Gilkes, P. et al. 1999. War in the Horn: the conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia. Royal Institute of International Affairs.
[89]
Gilkes, P. et al. 1999. War in the Horn: the conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia. Royal Institute of International Affairs.
[90]
Gourevitch, P. 1999. We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: stories from Rwanda. Picador.
[91]
Hagmann, T. 2005. Beyond clannishness and colonialism: understanding political disorder in Ethiopia’s Somali region, 1991-2004. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 43, 4 (2005), 509–536.
[92]
Hagmann, T. 2005. Beyond clannishness and colonialism: understanding political disorder in Ethiopia’s Somali region, 1991-2004. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 43, 4 (2005), 509–536.
[93]
Hagmann, T. 2005. Review: from state collapse to duty-free shop: Somalia’s path to modernity. African Affairs. 104, 416 (2005), 525–535.
[94]
Hammond, L. 2013. Somalia rising: things are starting to change for the world’s longest failed state. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 7, 1 (Feb. 2013), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2012.755316.
[95]
Hansen, S.J. 2013. Al-Shabaab in Somalia: the history and ideology of a militant Islamist group, 2005-2012. Hurst & Company.
[96]
Harper, M. et al. 2012. Getting Somalia wrong?: faith, war and hope in a shattered state. Zed.
[97]
Hatzfeld, J. 2008. A time for machetes: the Rwandan genocide - the killers speak. Serpent’s Tail.
[98]
Henze, P.B. 2001. Eritrea’s war: confrontation, international response, outcome, prospects. Shama Books.
[99]
Hinsley, F.H. 1962. The New Cambridge modern history: Vol.11: Material progress and world-wide problems, 1870-1898. Cambridge University Press.
[100]
Hintjens, H.M. 1999. Explaining the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 37, 2 (1999), 241–286.
[101]
Holt, P.M. and Daly, M.W. 2000. A history of the Sudan: from the coming of Islam to the present day. Longman.
[102]
Hughes, M. 2012. Introduction: British ways of counter-insurgency. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 23, 4–5 (Oct. 2012), 580–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2012.709771.
[103]
I. M. Lewis 1998. Doing Violence to Ethnography: A Response to Catherine Besteman’s ‘Representing Violence and “Othering” Somalia’. Cultural Anthropology. 13, 1 (1998), 100–108.
[104]
Iliffe, J. 1979. A modern history of Tanganyika. A modern history of Tanganyika. Cambridge University Press.
[105]
Iliffe, J. 1979. A modern history of Tanganyika. Cambridge University Press.
[106]
Iliffe, J. 2017. Africans: the history of a continent. Cambridge University Press.
[107]
Iliffe, J. 2005. Honour in African history. Cambridge University Press.
[108]
Iliffe, J. 2005. Honour in African history. Cambridge University Press.
[109]
Iliffe, J. 2005. Honour in African history. Cambridge University Press.
[110]
Iliffe, J. 2005. Honour in African history. Cambridge University Press.
[111]
Iliffe, J. 2005. Honour in African history. Cambridge University Press.
[112]
Iyob, R. 1995. The Eritrean struggle for independence: domination, resistance, nationalism, 1941-1993. Cambridge University Press.
[113]
Iyob, R. 1995. The Eritrean struggle for independence: domination, resistance, nationalism, 1941-1993. Cambridge University Press.
[114]
Iyob, R. 2000. The Ethiopian–Eritrean conflict: diasporic vs. hegemonic states in the Horn of Africa, 1991-2000. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 38, 4 (2000), 659–682.
[115]
James, W. 2002. Remapping Ethiopia: Socialism and After. Ohio University Press.
[116]
Jamie Monson 1998. Relocating Maji Maji: The Politics of Alliance and Authority in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, 1870-1918. The Journal of African History. 39, 1 (1998), 95–120.
[117]
John Iliffe 1967. The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion. The Journal of African History. 8, 3 (1967), 495–512.
[118]
John Sorenson 1991. Discourses on Eritrean Nationalism and Identity. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 29, 2 (1991), 301–317.
[119]
Johnson, D.H. 2012. The Heglig oil dispute between Sudan and South Sudan. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 6, 3 (Aug. 2012), 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2012.696910.
[120]
Johnson, D.H. and International African Institute 2003. The root causes of Sudan’s civil wars. International African Institute in association with James Currey.
[121]
Jok, J.M. and Hutchinson, S.E. 1999. Sudan’s prolonged second civil war and the militarization of Nuer and Dinka ethnic identities. African Studies Review. 42, 2 (Sept. 1999), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.2307/525368.
[122]
Jonas, R.A. 2011. The Battle of Adwa: African victory in the age of empire. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
[123]
Jumbert, M.G. and Lanz, D. 2013. Globalised rebellion: the Darfur insurgents and the world. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 51, 02 (June 2013), 193–217. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X13000177.
[124]
Kalyvas, S.N. 2001. ‘New’ and ‘old’ civil wars: a valid distinction? World Politics. 54, 1 (2001), 99–118.
[125]
Kalyvas, S.N. 2003. The ontology of ‘political violence’: action and identity in civil wars. Perspectives on Politics. 1, 3 (2003), 475–494.
[126]
Kapteijns, L. 1995. Gender Relations and the Transformation of the Northern Somali Pastoral Tradition. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 28, 2 (1995). https://doi.org/10.2307/221614.
[127]
Keegan, J. 2004. A history of warfare. A history of warfare. Pimlico.
[128]
Keller, E.J. 1988. Revolutionary Ethiopia: from empire to people’s republic. Indiana University Press.
[129]
Kenny, M.G. 1988. Mutesa’s crime: hubris and the control of African kings. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 30, 4 (1988), 595–612.
[130]
Killingray, D. and Omissi, D.E. 1999. Guardians of empire: the armed forces of the colonial powers, c. 1700-1964. Manchester University Press.
[131]
Killingray, D. and Plaut, M. 2010. Fighting for Britain: African soldiers in the Second World War. James Currey.
[132]
Kuol, L.B.D. 2014. Political violence and the emergence of the dispute over Abyei, Sudan, 1950–1983. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 8, 4 (Oct. 2014), 573–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2014.950077.
[133]
Lamphear, J. 2007. African military history. Ashgate Pub. Co.
[134]
Lamphear, J. 2007. African military history. Ashgate Pub. Co.
[135]
Le Sage, A. 2001. Prospects for Al Itihad & Islamist radicalism in Somalia. Review of African Political Economy. 28, 89 (2001), 472–477.
[136]
Le Sage, A. 2002. Somalia: sovereign disguise for a Mogadishu mafia. Review of African Political Economy. 29, 91 (2002), 132–138.
[137]
Lee, J.M. and Institute for Strategic Studies 1969. African armies and civil order. African armies and civil order. Chatto & Windus for the Institute for Strategic Studies.
[138]
Lemarchand, R. 1994. Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in comparative perspective. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 32, 4 (1994), 581–604.
[139]
Lemarchand, R. 1994. Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in comparative perspective. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 32, 4 (1994), 581–604.
[140]
Lemarchand, R. 1995. Rwanda: The Rationality of Genocide. Issue: A Journal of Opinion. 23, 2 (1995). https://doi.org/10.2307/1166499.
[141]
Leonardi, C. 2007. ‘Liberation’ or capture: youth in between ‘Hakuma’, and ‘home’ during civil war and its aftermath in Southern Sudan. African Affairs. 106, 424 (2007), 391–412.
[142]
Leonardi, C. 2011. Paying ‘buckets of blood’ for the land: moral debates over economy, war and state in Southern Sudan. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 49, 02 (June 2011), 215–240. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X11000024.
[143]
Leopold, M. 2005. Review: violence in contemporary Africa reassessed. African Affairs. 104, 417 (2005), 685–695.
[144]
Lewis, I.M. (Ioan M. 1983. Nationalism & self determination in the Horn of Africa. Ithaca Press.
[145]
Lewis, I.M. and Lewis, I.M. 2002. A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. James Currey.
[146]
Lewis, I.M. and Lewis, I.M. 2002. A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. James Currey.
[147]
Lewis, I.M. and Lewis, I.M. 2002. A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. James Currey.
[148]
Lewis, I.M. and Lewis, I.M. 2002. A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. James Currey.
[149]
Li, D. 2004. Echoes of violence: considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda. Journal of Genocide Research. 6, 1 (Mar. 2004), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1462352042000194683.
[150]
Lilian Passmore Sanderson 1980. Education in the Southern Sudan: The Impact of Government-Missionary-Southern Sudanese Relationships upon the Development of Education during the Condominium Period, 1898-1956. African Affairs. 79, 315 (1980), 157–169.
[151]
Lindemann, S. 2011. Just another change of guard? Broad-based politics and civil war in Museveni’s Uganda. African Affairs. 110, 440 (July 2011), 387–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adr023.
[152]
Lindley, A. 2009. Between ‘dirty money’ and development capital’: Somali money transfer infrastructure under global scrutiny. African Affairs. 108, 433 (2009), 519–539.
[153]
Lonsdale, J. 1990. Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya. The Journal of African History. 31, 03 (Nov. 1990). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700031157.
[154]
Lugard, F.J.D. 2005. The dual mandate in British tropical Africa. Frank Cass.
[155]
Lugard, F.J.D. 2005. The dual mandate in British tropical Africa. Frank Cass.
[156]
Lugard, F.J.D. 2005. The dual mandate in British tropical Africa. Frank Cass.
[157]
Luise White 1990. Separating the men from the boys: constructions of gender, sexuality, and terrorism in Central Kenya, 1939-1959. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 23, 1 (1990), 1–25.
[158]
MacKenzie, J.M. 1986. Imperialism and popular culture. Manchester University Press.
[159]
MacKenzie, J.M. 1984. Propaganda and empire: the manipulation of British public opinion,1880-1960. Manchester University Press.
[160]
Mamdani, M. 2001. When victims become killers: colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda. James Currey.
[161]
Marchal, R. 2007. Warlordism and terrorism: how to obscure an already confusing crisis? The case of Somalia. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-). 83, 6 (2007), 1091–1106.
[162]
Marcus, H.G. 1995. The politics of empire: Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974. Red Sea Press.
[163]
Markakis, J. 1990. National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. Zed Books Ltd.
[164]
Markakis, J. 1990. National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. Zed Books Ltd.
[165]
Markakis, J. 1990. National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. Zed Books Ltd.
[166]
Markakis, J. 1990. National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. Zed Books Ltd.
[167]
Markakis, J. and Nega Ayele 1986. Class and revolution in Ethiopia. Red Sea Press.
[168]
Mayall, J. 1971. Africa: the cold war and after. Elek.
[169]
Melvern, L. and Williams, P. 2004. Britannia waived the rules: the major government and the 1994 Rwandan genocide. African Affairs. 103, 410 (2004), 1–22.
[170]
Menkhaus, K. 2007. Governance without government in Somalia spoilers, state building, and the politics of coping. International Security. 31, 3 (2007), 74–106.
[171]
Menkhaus, K. 2007. The crisis in Somalia: tragedy in five acts. African Affairs. 106, 424 (2007), 357–390.
[172]
Michael Chege 1979. The Revolution Betrayed: Ethiopia, 1974-9. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 17, 3 (1979), 359–380.
[173]
Mockaitis, T.R. 2012. The minimum force debate: contemporary sensibilities meet imperial practice. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 23, 4–5 (Oct. 2012), 762–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2012.709766.
[174]
Moyse-Bartlett, H. 1 AD. King’s African rifles: a study in the military history of East and Central Africa, 1890-1945. Naval & Military Press Ltd.
[175]
Negash, T. and Tronvoll, K. 2000. Brothers at war: making sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian war. James Currey.
[176]
Negash, T. and Tronvoll, K. 2000. Brothers at war: making sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian war. James Currey.
[177]
Newbury, C. and Newbury, D. 1999. A Catholic Mass in Kigali: Contested Views of the Genocide and Ethnicity in Rwanda. Canadian Journal of African Studies. 33, 2/3 (1999). https://doi.org/10.2307/486267.
[178]
Newbury, C. and Newbury, D. 1999. A Catholic Mass in Kigali: Contested Views of the Genocide and Ethnicity in Rwanda. Canadian Journal of African Studies. 33, 2/3 (1999). https://doi.org/10.2307/486267.
[179]
Newbury, D. 1998. Understanding genocide. African Studies Review. 41, 1 (1998), 73–97.
[180]
Nugent, P. 2004. Africa since independence: a comparative history. Palgrave Macmillan.
[181]
Nugent, P. 2004. Africa since independence: a comparative history. Palgrave Macmillan.
[182]
Oliver, R.A. and Sanderson, G.N. 1985. The Cambridge history of Africa: vol.6: from c.1870 to c.1905. Cambridge University Press.
[183]
Page, M. 2011. A history of the King’s African Rifles and East African forces. Pen & Sword Military.
[184]
Paice, E. 2007. Tip and run: the untold tragedy of the Great War in Africa. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
[185]
Parker, J. and Rathbone, R. 2007. African history: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
[186]
Parsons, T.H. 1999. African rank-and-file: social implications of colonial military service in the King’s African Rifles. Heinemann.
[187]
PARSONS, T.H. 2017. MAU MAU’S ARMY OF CLERKS: COLONIAL MILITARY SERVICE AND THE KENYA LAND FREEDOM ARMY IN KENYA’S NATIONAL IMAGINATION. The Journal of African History. 58, 02 (July 2017), 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853717000044.
[188]
PARSONS, T.H. 2017. MAU MAU’S ARMY OF CLERKS: COLONIAL MILITARY SERVICE AND THE KENYA LAND FREEDOM ARMY IN KENYA’S NATIONAL IMAGINATION. The Journal of African History. 58, 02 (July 2017), 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853717000044.
[189]
Pateman, R. 1998. Eritrea: even the stones are burning. Red Sea Press.
[190]
Peters, K. 2007. Review: understanding recent African wars. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 77, 3 (2007), 442–454.
[191]
Poggo, S.S. 2011. The first Sudanese civil war: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan, 1955-1972. Palgrave Macmillan.
[192]
Pool, D. 2001. From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front. James Currey ; Athens.
[193]
Pool, D. 2001. From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front. James Currey ; Athens.
[194]
Pool, D. 2001. From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean people’s liberation front. James Currey ; Athens.
[195]
Porter, A.N. 1999. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century. Oxford University Press.
[196]
Porter, A.N. 1999. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century. Oxford University Press.
[197]
Porter, A.N. 1999. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century. Oxford University Press.
[198]
Porter, A.N. 1999. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century. Oxford University Press.
[199]
Porter, A.N. 1999. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century. Oxford University Press.
[200]
Pottier, J. 2002. Re-imagining Rwanda: conflict, survival and disinformation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge University Press.
[201]
Pottier, J. 2002. Re-imagining Rwanda: conflict, survival and disinformation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge University Press.
[202]
Prunier, G. 2004. Rebel movements and proxy warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99). African Affairs. 103, 412 (2004), 359–383.
[203]
Prunier, G. 1998. The Rwanda crisis: history of a genocide. Hurst.
[204]
Ranger, T.O. 1986. Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Studies Review. 29, 2 (June 1986). https://doi.org/10.2307/523964.
[205]
Redmond, P.M. 1975. Maji Maji in Ungoni: A Reappraisal of Existing Historiography. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 8, 3 (1975). https://doi.org/10.2307/217152.
[206]
Reid, R. 2005. Caught in the headlights of history: Eritrea, the EPLF and the post-war nation-state. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 43, 3 (2005), 467–488.
[207]
Reid, R. 1999. Images of an African ruler: Kabaka Mutesa of Buganda, ca. 1857-1884. History in Africa. 26, (1999), 269–298. https://doi.org/10.2307/3172144.
[208]
Reid, R. 1998. Mutesa and Mirambo: thoughts on East African warfare and diplomacy in the nineteenth century. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 31, 1 (1998), 73–89.
[209]
Reid, R. 2003. Old problems in new conflicts: some observations on Eritrea and its relations with Tigray, from liberation struggle to inter-state war. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 73, 3 (2003), 369–401.
[210]
Reid, R. 1998. The Ganda on Lake Victoria: a nineteenth-century East African imperialism. The Journal of African History. 39, 3 (1998), 349–363. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853798007270.
[211]
Reid, R. 2009. The politics of silence: interpreting stasis in contemporary Eritrea. Review of African Political Economy. 36, 120 (June 2009), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056240903065125.
[212]
Reid, R. 1999. War and militarism in pre-colonial Buganda. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 34, 1 (Jan. 1999), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00672709909511471.
[213]
Reid, R.J. 2012. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present. Wiley-Blackwell.
[214]
Reid, R.J. 2012. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present. Wiley-Blackwell.
[215]
Reid, R.J. 2011. Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800. Oxford University Press.
[216]
Reid, R.J. 2011. Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800. Oxford University Press.
[217]
Reid, R.J. 2011. Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800. Oxford University Press.
[218]
Reid, R.J. 2011. Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800. Oxford University Press.
[219]
Reid, R.J. 2011. Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800. Oxford University Press.
[220]
Reid, R.J. 2002. Political power in pre-colonial Buganda: economy, society & welfare in the nineteenth century. James Currey.
[221]
Reid, R.J. 2007. Revisiting Primitive War: Perceptions of Violence and Race in History. War & Society. 26, 2 (Oct. 2007), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1179/072924707791591677.
[222]
Reid, R.J. 2012. Warfare in African history. Cambridge University Press.
[223]
Reid, R.J. 2012. Warfare in African history. Cambridge University Press.
[224]
Reid, R.J. 2012. Warfare in African history. Cambridge University Press.
[225]
Reid, R.J. 2012. Warfare in African history. Cambridge University Press.
[226]
Reid, R.J. 2012. Warfare in African history. Cambridge University Press.
[227]
Reid, R.J. and British Institute in Eastern Africa 2007. Chapter 2: Antiquity & Inheritance: Restorative Violence & the Weight of History. War in pre-colonial eastern Africa: the patterns & meanings of state-level conflict in the nineteenth century. James Currey. 22–38.
[228]
Reno, W. 2011. Warfare in independent Africa. Cambridge University Press.
[229]
Reno, W. 2011. Warfare in independent Africa. Cambridge University Press.
[230]
Reno, W. 1999. Warlord politics and African states. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
[231]
Reno, W. 1999. Warlord politics and African states. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
[232]
Reyntjens, F. 2004. Rwanda, ten years on: from genocide to dictatorship. African Affairs. 103, 411 (2004), 177–210.
[233]
Richard Reid 2006. War and Remembrance: Orality, Literacy and Conflict in the Horn. Journal of African Cultural Studies. 18, 1 (2006), 89–103.
[234]
Richards, P. 1996. Fighting for the rain forest: war, youth & resources in Sierra Leone. The International African Institute in association with James Currey.
[235]
Richards, P. 1996. Fighting for the rain forest: war, youth & resources in Sierra Leone. The International African Institute in association with James Currey.
[236]
Rolandsen, Ø.H. 2011. A false start : between war and peace in the southern Sudan, 1956–62. The Journal of African History. 52, 01 (Mar. 2011), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853711000107.
[237]
Rolandsen, Ø.H. 2011. The making of the Anya-Nya insurgency in the Southern Sudan, 1961–64. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 5, 2 (May 2011), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2011.571386.
[238]
Rolandsen, Ø.H. and Leonardi, C. 2014. Discourses of violence in the transition from colonialism to independence in southern Sudan, 1955–1960. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 8, 4 (Oct. 2014), 609–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2014.949599.
[239]
Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot 1999. Kony’s Message: A New Koine? The Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda. African Affairs. 98, 390 (1999), 5–36.
[240]
Rwanda: Leave None To Tell The Story: https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/rwanda0399.htm.
[241]
Schiller, L.D. 1990. The Royal Women of Buganda. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 23, 3 (1990). https://doi.org/10.2307/219599.
[242]
Schlee, G. 2003. Redrawing the map of the Horn: the politics of difference. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 73, 3 (2003), 343–368.
[243]
Seay, L. 2013. Understanding Somali piracy. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 51, 01 (Mar. 2013), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X13000050.
[244]
Shorter, A. 1968. Nyungu-ya-Mawe and the ‘Empire of the Ruga-rugas’. The Journal of African History. 9, 02 (Apr. 1968). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700008859.
[245]
Spear, T. and Waller, R. 1993. Being Maasai: ethnicity & identity in East Africa. James Currey.
[246]
Stefan Elbe 2002. HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa. International Security. 27, 2 (2002), 159–177.
[247]
Straus, S. 2004. How many perpetrators were there in the Rwandan genocide? An estimate. Journal of Genocide Research. 6, 1 (Mar. 2004), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/1462352042000194728.
[248]
Straus, S. 2007. What Is the Relationship between Hate Radio and Violence? Rethinking Rwanda’s "Radio Machete”. Politics & Society. 35, 4 (Dec. 2007), 609–637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329207308181.
[249]
Streets-Salter, H. 2010. Martial races: the military, race and masculinity in British imperial culture, 1857-1914. Manchester University Press.
[250]
T. O. Ranger 1968. Connexions between ‘Primary Resistance’ Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa. Part I. The Journal of African History. 9, 3 (1968), 437–453.
[251]
Tamarkin, M. 1976. Mau Mau in Nakuru. The Journal of African History. 17, 01 (Jan. 1976). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700014791.
[252]
Tareke, G. 2000. The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 revisited. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 33, 3 (2000), 635–667.
[253]
Tareke, G. 2008. The Red Terror in Ethiopia. Journal of Developing Societies. 24, 2 (June 2008), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X0802400205.
[254]
Taylor, C.C. 1999. Sacrifice as terror: the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Berg.
[255]
Tegegn, M. 2012. Mengistu’s ‘Red Terror’. African Identities. 10, 3 (Aug. 2012), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2012.715454.
[256]
Tekle, A. 1994. Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation. Red Sea.
[257]
Tekle, A. 1994. Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation. Red Sea.
[258]
Thaddeus Sunseri 1997. Famine and Wild Pigs: Gender Struggles and the Outbreak of the Majimaji War in Uzaramo (Tanzania). The Journal of African History. 38, 2 (1997), 235–259.
[259]
Thaddeus Sunseri 2003. Reinterpreting a Colonial Rebellion: Forestry and Social Control in German East Africa, 1874-1915. Environmental History. 8, 3 (2003), 430–451.
[260]
The Coming Anarchy - The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/.
[261]
The Coming Anarchy - The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/.
[262]
The Coming Anarchy - The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/.
[263]
The Impact of Violence: the Ethiopian Red Terror as Social Phenomenon: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/9092.
[264]
Tim Allen 1991. Understanding Alice: Uganda’s Holy Spirit Movement in Context. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 61, 3 (1991), 370–399.
[265]
Toggia, P. 2012. The revolutionary endgame of political power: the genealogy of ‘red terror’ in Ethiopia. African Identities. 10, 3 (Aug. 2012), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2012.715455.
[266]
Torture and Unlawful Military Detention in Rwanda | HRW: https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/10/10/we-will-force-you-confess/torture-and-unlawful-military-detention-rwanda.
[267]
Tronvoll, K. 2011. The Ethiopian 2010 federal and regional elections: re-establishing the one-party state. African Affairs. 110, 438 (2011), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adq076.
[268]
Tronvoll, K. et al. 2009. The Ethiopian red terror trials: transitional justice challenged. James Currey.
[269]
Uvin, P. 1999. Ethnicity and power in Burundi and Rwanda: different paths to mass violence. Comparative Politics. 31, 3 (1999), 253–271.
[270]
Uzoigwe, G.N. 1975. Pre-colonial military studies in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 13, 3 (1975), 469–481.
[271]
Vandervort, B. 1998. Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914. UCL Press.
[272]
Vandervort, B. 1998. Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914. UCL Press.
[273]
Vansina, J. 2004. Antecedents to modern Rwanda: the Nyiginya Kingdom. University of Wisconsin Press.
[274]
WAI, D.M. 1980. PAX BRITANNICA AND THE SOUTHERN SUDAN: THE VIEW FROM THE THEATRE. African Affairs. 79, 316 (July 1980), 375–395. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097230.
[275]
Waller, R. 2006. Rebellious youth in colonial Africa. The Journal of African History. 47, 1 (2006), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853705001672.
[276]
Weldehaimanot, S. and Taylor, E. 2011. : a controversial Eritrean manifesto. Review of African Political Economy. 38, 130 (Dec. 2011), 565–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2011.630870.
[277]
Whittaker, H. 2014. Insurgency and counterinsurgency in Kenya: a social history of the Shifta Conflict, c. 1963-1968, volume 34. Brill.
[278]
Whittaker, H. 2015. Legacies of Empire: State Violence and Collective Punishment in Kenya’s North Eastern Province, . 1963–Present. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 43, 4 (Aug. 2015), 641–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083232.
[279]
Whittaker, H. 2015. Legacies of Empire: State Violence and Collective Punishment in Kenya’s North Eastern Province, . 1963–Present. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 43, 4 (Aug. 2015), 641–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083232.
[280]
Whittaker, H.A. 2012. The socioeconomic dynamics of the Shifta conflict in Kenya, c. 1963–8. The Journal of African History. 53, 03 (Nov. 2012), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853712000448.
[281]
Whittingham, D. 2012. ‘Savage warfare’: C.E. Callwell, the roots of counter-insurgency, and the nineteenth century context. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 23, 4–5 (Oct. 2012), 591–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2012.709769.
[282]
Whittingham, D. 2012. ‘Savage warfare’: C.E. Callwell, the roots of counter-insurgency, and the nineteenth century context. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 23, 4–5 (Oct. 2012), 591–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2012.709769.
[283]
Wiebel, J. 2015. ‘Let the Red Terror Intensify’: Political Violence, Governance and Society ... International Journal of African Historical Studies. 48, 1 (2015), 13–29.
[284]
Williams, P. 2011. War & conflict in Africa. Polity.
[285]
Williams, P. 2011. War & conflict in Africa. Polity.
[286]
Young, J. 1999. Along Ethiopia’s western frontier: Gambella and Benishangul in transition. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 37, 2 (1999), 321–346.
[287]
Young, J. 1996. The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a history of tensions and pragmatism. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 34, 1 (1996), 105–120.
[288]
Young, J. 1996. The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a history of tensions and pragmatism. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 34, 1 (1996), 105–120.
[289]
2017. African Military History Comes of Age. Journal of Military History. (2017).
[290]
Diamonds are forever? Kipling’s imperialism. By: Judd, Denis, History Today, 00182753, June97, Vol. 47, Issue 6.
[291]
Evil Days - 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia.
[292]
2014. Lords Resistance Army. Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series. 51, 5 (June 2014), 20146B-20146B. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825X.2014.05714.x.
[293]
1991. Policing the empire. Manchester University Press.
[294]
Violent Development: toward an economic history of African warfare and military organisation.
[295]
Violent Development: toward an economic history of African warfare and military organisation.
[296]
1978. Warrior tradition in modern Africa: 23. Brill.
[297]
1978. Warrior tradition in modern Africa: 23. Brill.
[298]
1978. Warrior tradition in modern Africa: 23. Brill.
