[1]
J. Parker and R. Rathbone, African history: a very short introduction, vol. Very short introductions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=415063
[2]
R. J. Reid, A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present, 2nd ed., vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[3]
J. Iliffe, Africans: the history of a continent, Third edition., vol. African studies series. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
[4]
J. Iliffe, Honour in African history, vol. African studies series. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[5]
R. A. Austen, African economic history: internal development and external dependency. Oxford: James Currey, 1987.
[6]
J. Lamphear, African military history, vol. The international library of essays on military history. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub. Co, 2007.
[7]
W. Reno, Warfare in independent Africa, vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=330691&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[8]
R. J. Reid, Warfare in African history, vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[9]
P. Williams, War & conflict in Africa. Cambridge: Polity, 2011.
[10]
W. Reno, Warlord politics and African states, Pbk. ed. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999.
[11]
J. Markakis, National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1990.
[12]
K. Fukui and J. Markakis, Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa, vol. Eastern African studies. London: James Currey, 1994.
[13]
C. S. Clapham, African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 1998.
[14]
J. Black, War in the modern world since 1815, vol. Warfare and history. London: Routledge, 2003.
[15]
J. Lamphear, African military history, vol. The international library of essays on military history. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Pub. Co, 2007.
[16]
R. J. Reid, Warfare in African history, vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[17]
W. Reno, Warfare in independent Africa, vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=803173
[18]
J. Keegan, ‘A history of warfare’, in A history of warfare, [2nd edition].London: Pimlico, 2004. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=1eabcf64-f092-e711-80cb-005056af4099
[19]
‘African Military History Comes of Age.’, Journal of Military History, 2017, Available: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=30h&AN=120270965&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1123049
[20]
T. M. A. Ali and R. O. Matthews, Civil wars in Africa: roots and resolution. Montreal [Que.]: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=285523&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[21]
G. N. Uzoigwe, ‘Pre-colonial military studies in Africa’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 469–481, 1975, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/159851?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=uzoigwe&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Duzoigwe%26amp%3Bswp%3Don%26amp%3Bprq%3Djournal%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Bafrican%2Bstudies%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[22]
‘Violent Development: toward an economic history of African warfare and military organisation’, Available: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14195/
[23]
T. M. A. Ali and R. O. Matthews, Civil wars in Africa: roots and resolution. Montreal [Que.]: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=3331230
[24]
Warrior tradition in modern Africa: 23. Leiden: Brill, 1978.
[25]
Gberie, Lansana, ‘The “Rebel” Wars of Africa: From Political Contest to Criminal Violence?’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 151–157, Available: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/div-classtitlethe-rebel-wars-of-africa-from-political-contest-to-criminal-violencediv/449771E57EAB1BA6E0B9500BF34F60CE
[26]
R. J. Reid, ‘Revisiting Primitive War: Perceptions of Violence and Race in History’, War & Society, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 1–25, Oct. 2007, doi: 10.1179/072924707791591677
[27]
J. A. Farrer, ‘Savage and Civilized Warfare’, The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 9, 1880, doi: 10.2307/2841700
[28]
A. N. Porter, The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century, vol. The Oxford history of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
[29]
F. J. D. Lugard, The dual mandate in British tropical Africa, [5th ed.]. Abingdon, Oxon: Frank Cass, 2005. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=1144689
[30]
‘The Coming Anarchy - The Atlantic’. Available: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/
[31]
P. Williams, War & conflict in Africa. Cambridge: Polity, 2011.
[32]
P. Collier and A. Hoeffler, ‘Greed and grievance in civil war’, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 563–595, 2004, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3488799?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[33]
M. Berdal, ‘Beyond greed and grievance’, Review of International Studies, vol. 31, no. 04, Oct. 2005, doi: 10.1017/S0260210505006698. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=343188&fileId=S0260210505006698
[34]
J.-P. Azam, ‘Looting and conflict between ethnoregional groups: lessons for state formation in Africa’, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 131–153, 2002, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3176243?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[35]
W. Reno, Warlord politics and African states, Pbk. ed. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999.
[36]
S. N. Kalyvas, ‘“New” and “old” civil wars: a valid distinction?’, World Politics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 99–118, 2001, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054175?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[37]
K. Fukui and J. Markakis, Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa, vol. Eastern African studies. London: James Currey, 1994.
[38]
C. S. Clapham, African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 1998.
[39]
S. N. Kalyvas, ‘The ontology of “political violence”: action and identity in civil wars’, Perspectives on Politics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 475–494, 2003, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3688707?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=kalyvas&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dkalyvas%26amp%3Bfilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100986%26amp%3BSearch%3DSearch%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3BglobalSearch%3D%26amp%3BsbbBox%3D%26amp%3BsbjBox%3D%26amp%3BsbpBox%3D&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[40]
P. Richards, Fighting for the rain forest: war, youth & resources in Sierra Leone, vol. African issues. Oxford: The International African Institute in association with James Currey, 1996.
[41]
K. Peters, ‘Review: understanding recent African wars’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 442–454, 2007, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40026831?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[42]
H. A. Whittaker, ‘The socioeconomic dynamics of the Shifta conflict in Kenya, c. 1963–8’, The Journal of African History, vol. 53, no. 03, pp. 391–408, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1017/S0021853712000448. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8809049&fileId=S0021853712000448
[43]
M. Leopold, ‘Review: violence in contemporary Africa reassessed’, African Affairs, vol. 104, no. 417, pp. 685–695, 2005, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518815?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[44]
R. J. Reid, Warfare in African history, vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[45]
J. Iliffe, Honour in African history, vol. African studies series. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[46]
Warrior tradition in modern Africa: 23. Leiden: Brill, 1978.
[47]
Warrior tradition in modern Africa: 23. Leiden: Brill, 1978.
[48]
Ali A. Mazrui, ‘The Resurrection of the Warrior Tradition in African Political Culture’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 67–84, 1975, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/159697?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[49]
L. D. Schiller, ‘The Royal Women of Buganda’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 23, no. 3, 1990, doi: 10.2307/219599. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/219599
[50]
R. Waller, ‘Rebellious youth in colonial Africa’, The Journal of African History, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 77–92, 2006, doi: 10.1017/S0021853705001672. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4100566?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[51]
Richard Reid, ‘War and Remembrance: Orality, Literacy and Conflict in the Horn’, Journal of African Cultural Studies, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 89–103, 2006, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/25473358?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[52]
P. Richards, Fighting for the rain forest: war, youth & resources in Sierra Leone, vol. African issues. Oxford: The International African Institute in association with James Currey, 1996.
[53]
R. J. Reid, Political power in pre-colonial Buganda: economy, society & welfare in the nineteenth century, vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford: James Currey, 2002.
[54]
R. Reid, ‘Images of an African ruler: Kabaka Mutesa of Buganda, ca. 1857-1884’, History in Africa, vol. 26, pp. 269–298, 1999, doi: 10.2307/3172144. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3172144?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[55]
N. R. Bennett, ‘Chapter 1: The Nyamwezi and the Arabs’, in Mirambo of Tanzania, 1840?-1884, New York: Oxford University Press, 1971, pp. 3–32. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=0f7418e9-a7fe-eb11-b563-0050f2f09783
[56]
R. J. Reid and British Institute in Eastern Africa, ‘Chapter 2: Antiquity & Inheritance: Restorative Violence & the Weight of History’, in War in pre-colonial eastern Africa: the patterns & meanings of state-level conflict in the nineteenth century, Oxford: James Currey, 2007, pp. 22–38. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=dde98ee7-5206-ec11-b563-0050f2f06092
[57]
‘Violent Development: toward an economic history of African warfare and military organisation’, Available: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14195/
[58]
T. Spear and R. Waller, Being Maasai: ethnicity & identity in East Africa, vol. Eastern African studies. London: James Currey, 1993.
[59]
R. Reid, ‘War and militarism in pre-colonial Buganda’, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 45–60, Jan. 1999, doi: 10.1080/00672709909511471. Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709909511471
[60]
D. Crummey, Banditry, rebellion and social protest in Africa. London: Currey, 1986.
[61]
M. G. Kenny, ‘Mutesa’s crime: hubris and the control of African kings’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 595–612, 1988, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/178926?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[62]
R. Reid, ‘The Ganda on Lake Victoria: a nineteenth-century East African imperialism’, The Journal of African History, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 349–363, 1998, doi: 10.1017/S0021853798007270. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/183358?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[63]
R. W. Beachey, ‘The arms trade in East Africa in the late nineteenth century’, The Journal of African History, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 451–467, 1962, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/180076?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[64]
A. Shorter, ‘Nyungu-ya-Mawe and the “Empire of the Ruga-rugas”’, The Journal of African History, vol. 9, no. 02, Apr. 1968, doi: 10.1017/S0021853700008859. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3230576&fileId=S0021853700008859
[65]
R. Caulk, ‘Bad men of the borders: Shum and Shefta in northern Ethiopia in the 19th Century’, International journal of African historical studies, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 201–227, 1984, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/218604
[66]
R. Reid, ‘Mutesa and Mirambo: thoughts on East African warfare and diplomacy in the nineteenth century’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 73–89, 1998, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/220885?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[67]
S. Doyle, ‘Crisis & decline in Bunyoro: population & environment in western Uganda 1860-1955’, in Crisis & decline in Bunyoro: population & environment in western Uganda 1860-1955, London: The British Institute in Eastern Africa, 2006.
[68]
J. Iliffe, ‘A modern history of Tanganyika’, in A modern history of Tanganyika, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=2fb66509-0193-e711-80cb-005056af4099
[69]
R. J. Reid, Warfare in African history, vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[70]
J. Iliffe, Honour in African history, vol. African studies series. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[71]
J. M. MacKenzie, Propaganda and empire: the manipulation of British public opinion,1880-1960. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.
[72]
J. A. Farrer, ‘Savage and Civilized Warfare’, The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 9, 1880, doi: 10.2307/2841700
[73]
J. M. MacKenzie, Imperialism and popular culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986.
[74]
‘Diamonds are forever? Kipling’s imperialism. By: Judd, Denis, History Today, 00182753, June97, Vol. 47, Issue 6’, Available: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=30h&AN=9708050190&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1123049
[75]
R. A. Oliver and G. N. Sanderson, The Cambridge history of Africa: vol.6: from c.1870 to c.1905. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
[76]
A. N. Porter, The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century, vol. The Oxford history of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
[77]
B. Vandervort, Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914, vol. Warfare and history. London: UCL Press, 1998. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=40829&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[78]
L. E. Franey, Victorian travel writing and imperial violence: British writing on Africa, 1855-1902, vol. Palgrave studies in nineteenth-century writing and culture. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=44425&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[79]
F. J. D. Lugard, The dual mandate in British tropical Africa, [5th ed.]. Abingdon, Oxon: Frank Cass, 2005. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=1144689
[80]
I. M. Lewis and I. M. Lewis, A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, 4th ed., vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford: James Currey, 2002.
[81]
A. N. Porter, The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century, vol. The Oxford history of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
[82]
P. Brantlinger, Rule of darkness: British literature and imperialism, 1830-1914. Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press, 1988.
[83]
R. A. Jonas, The Battle of Adwa: African victory in the age of empire. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.
[84]
A. N. Porter, The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century, vol. The Oxford history of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
[85]
Jamie Monson, ‘Relocating Maji Maji: The Politics of Alliance and Authority in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, 1870-1918’, The Journal of African History, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 95–120, 1998, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/183331?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[86]
Thaddeus Sunseri, ‘Reinterpreting a Colonial Rebellion: Forestry and Social Control in German East Africa, 1874-1915’, Environmental History, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 430–451, 2003, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/3986203?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[87]
P. M. Redmond, ‘Maji Maji in Ungoni: A Reappraisal of Existing Historiography’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 8, no. 3, 1975, doi: 10.2307/217152
[88]
Thaddeus Sunseri, ‘Famine and Wild Pigs: Gender Struggles and the Outbreak of the Majimaji War in Uzaramo (Tanzania)’, The Journal of African History, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 235–259, 1997, Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/182823?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=sunseri&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100201%26amp%3BQuery%3Dsunseri&refreqid=search%3A9a1a54dde68c7f7ea20a8b93e255edea&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[89]
T. O. Ranger, ‘Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa’, African Studies Review, vol. 29, no. 2, June 1986, doi: 10.2307/523964
[90]
T. O. Ranger, ‘Connexions between “Primary Resistance” Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa. Part I’, The Journal of African History, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 437–453, 1968, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/180275?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[91]
F. H. Hinsley, The New Cambridge modern history: Vol.11: Material progress and world-wide problems, 1870-1898. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.
[92]
John Iliffe, ‘The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion’, The Journal of African History, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 495–512, 1967, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/179833?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[93]
D. Whittingham, ‘“Savage warfare”: C.E. Callwell, the roots of counter-insurgency, and the nineteenth century context’, Small Wars & Insurgencies, vol. 23, no. 4–5, pp. 591–607, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1080/09592318.2012.709769
[94]
J. Iliffe, A modern history of Tanganyika, vol. African studies series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
[95]
Felicitas Becker, ‘Traders, “Big Men” and Prophets: Political Continuity and Crisis in the Maji Maji Rebellion in Southeast Tanzania’, The Journal of African History, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 1–22, 2004, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/4100330?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[96]
E. Paice, Tip and run: the untold tragedy of the Great War in Africa. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007.
[97]
J. M. Lee and Institute for Strategic Studies, ‘African armies and civil order’, in African armies and civil order, London: Chatto & Windus for the Institute for Strategic Studies, 1969. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=d4672ce2-ec92-e711-80cb-005056af4099
[98]
J. Iliffe, Honour in African history, vol. African studies series. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[99]
Ali A. Mazrui, ‘The Resurrection of the Warrior Tradition in African Political Culture’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 67–84, 1975, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/159697?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[100]
Claude E. Welch Jr., ‘Continuity and Discontinuity in African Military Organisation’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 229–248, 1975, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/160191?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[101]
M. J. Echenberg, Colonial conscripts: the Tirailleurs Sâenâegalais in French West Africa, 1857-1960. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991.
[102]
R. J. Reid, Warfare in African history, vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[103]
F. J. D. Lugard, The dual mandate in British tropical Africa, [5th ed.]. Abingdon, Oxon: Frank Cass, 2005. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=1144689
[104]
R. Anderson, The forgotten front: the East African campaign, 1914-1918. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2004.
[105]
A. Clayton and D. Killingray, Khaki and blue: military and police in British colonial Africa, vol. Monographs in international studies. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1989.
[106]
A. N. Porter, The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century, vol. The Oxford history of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
[107]
B. Vandervort, Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914, vol. Warfare and history. London: UCL Press, 1998. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=40829&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[108]
T. H. PARSONS, ‘MAU MAU’S ARMY OF CLERKS: COLONIAL MILITARY SERVICE AND THE KENYA LAND FREEDOM ARMY IN KENYA’S NATIONAL IMAGINATION’, The Journal of African History, vol. 58, no. 02, pp. 285–309, July 2017, doi: 10.1017/S0021853717000044
[109]
D. Killingray and M. Plaut, Fighting for Britain: African soldiers in the Second World War. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey, 2010.
[110]
M. Beloff and M. Beloff, Imperial sunset: Vol.1: Britain’s liberal empire, 1897-1921. London: Methuen, 1969.
[111]
T. H. Parsons, African rank-and-file: social implications of colonial military service in the King’s African Rifles. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1999.
[112]
Policing the empire. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1991.
[113]
D. Killingray and D. E. Omissi, Guardians of empire: the armed forces of the colonial powers, c. 1700-1964, vol. Studies in imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.
[114]
H. Streets-Salter, Martial races: the military, race and masculinity in British imperial culture, 1857-1914, 1st digital pbk. ed., vol. Studies in imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010.
[115]
H. Moyse-Bartlett, King’s African rifles: a study in the military history of East and Central Africa, 1890-1945. Naval & Military Press Ltd, 1 AD. Available: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=441041&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1123049
[116]
R. J. Reid, A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present, 2nd ed., vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[117]
M. Page, A history of the King’s African Rifles and East African forces. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2011. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=618956&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[118]
F. Fèuredi, The Mau Mau war in perspective, vol. Eastern African studies. London: Currey, 1989.
[119]
B. Berman and J. Lonsdale, Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya & Africa, Bk.1: State & class, vol. Eastern African studies. London: James Currey, 1992.
[120]
B. Berman and J. Lonsdale, Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya and Africa, Bk.2: Violence & ethnicity, vol. Eastern African studies. London: James Currey, 1992.
[121]
H. C. Bennett, Fighting the Mau Mau: the British Army and counter-insurgency in the Kenya Emergency, vol. Cambridge military histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=413058&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[122]
C. Elkins, Imperial reckoning: the untold story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya, 1st ed. New York: Henry Holt, 2005.
[123]
D. Branch, Defeating Mau Mau, creating Kenya: counterinsurgency, civil war, and decolonization, vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[124]
D. Anderson, Histories of the hanged: Britain’s dirty war in Kenya and the end of empire. London: Phoenix, 2006.
[125]
B. J. Berman, ‘Nationalism, ethnicity, and modernity: the paradox of Mau Mau’, Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 181–206, 1991, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/485216?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[126]
T. H. PARSONS, ‘MAU MAU’S ARMY OF CLERKS: COLONIAL MILITARY SERVICE AND THE KENYA LAND FREEDOM ARMY IN KENYA’S NATIONAL IMAGINATION’, The Journal of African History, vol. 58, no. 02, pp. 285–309, July 2017, doi: 10.1017/S0021853717000044
[127]
D. Branch, ‘The enemy within: loyalists and the war against Mau Mau in Kenya’, The Journal of African History, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 291–315, 2007, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4501043
[128]
Luise White, ‘Separating the men from the boys: constructions of gender, sexuality, and terrorism in Central Kenya, 1939-1959’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–25, 1990, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/219979?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[129]
J. Lonsdale, ‘Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya’, The Journal of African History, vol. 31, no. 03, Nov. 1990, doi: 10.1017/S0021853700031157
[130]
M. Tamarkin, ‘Mau Mau in Nakuru’, The Journal of African History, vol. 17, no. 01, Jan. 1976, doi: 10.1017/S0021853700014791. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3237728&fileId=S0021853700014791
[131]
A. R. Baggallay, ‘Myths of Mau Mau expanded: rehabilitation in Kenya’s detention camps, 1954–60’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 553–578, Aug. 2011, doi: 10.1080/17531055.2011.611677. Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17531055.2011.611677
[132]
T. R. Mockaitis, ‘The minimum force debate: contemporary sensibilities meet imperial practice’, Small Wars & Insurgencies, vol. 23, no. 4–5, pp. 762–780, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1080/09592318.2012.709766
[133]
D. M. Anderson, ‘British abuse and torture in Kenya’s counter-insurgency, 1952–1960’, Small Wars & Insurgencies, vol. 23, no. 4–5, pp. 700–719, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1080/09592318.2012.709760
[134]
D. Whittingham, ‘“Savage warfare”: C.E. Callwell, the roots of counter-insurgency, and the nineteenth century context’, Small Wars & Insurgencies, vol. 23, no. 4–5, pp. 591–607, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1080/09592318.2012.709769
[135]
M. Hughes, ‘Introduction: British ways of counter-insurgency’, Small Wars & Insurgencies, vol. 23, no. 4–5, pp. 580–590, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1080/09592318.2012.709771
[136]
D. M. Anderson, ‘Mau Mau in the High Court and the “Lost” British Empire Archives: Colonial Conspiracy or Bureaucratic Bungle?’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 699–716, Dec. 2011, doi: 10.1080/03086534.2011.629082
[137]
K. Bruce-Lockhart, ‘"Unsound” minds and broken bodies: the detention of "hardcore” Mau Mau women at Kamiti and Gitamayu Detention Camps in Kenya, 1954–1960’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 590–608, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1080/17531055.2014.948148
[138]
H. Whittaker, ‘Legacies of Empire: State Violence and Collective Punishment in Kenya’s North Eastern Province, . 1963–Present’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 641–657, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1080/03086534.2015.1083232
[139]
Ø. H. Rolandsen and C. Leonardi, ‘Discourses of violence in the transition from colonialism to independence in southern Sudan, 1955–1960’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 609–625, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1080/17531055.2014.949599
[140]
Ø. H. Rolandsen, ‘The making of the Anya-Nya insurgency in the Southern Sudan, 1961–64’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 211–232, May 2011, doi: 10.1080/17531055.2011.571386. Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17531055.2011.571386
[141]
Ø. H. Rolandsen, ‘A false start : between war and peace in the southern Sudan, 1956–62’, The Journal of African History, vol. 52, no. 01, pp. 105–123, Mar. 2011, doi: 10.1017/S0021853711000107. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8257465&fileId=S0021853711000107
[142]
C. Leonardi, ‘“Liberation” or capture: youth in between “Hakuma”, and “home” during civil war and its aftermath in Southern Sudan’, African Affairs, vol. 106, no. 424, pp. 391–412, 2007, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4496460?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[143]
K. Fukui and J. Markakis, Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa, vol. Eastern African studies. London: James Currey, 1994.
[144]
J. M. Jok and S. E. Hutchinson, ‘Sudan’s prolonged second civil war and the militarization of Nuer and Dinka ethnic identities’, African Studies Review, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 125–145, Sept. 1999, doi: 10.2307/525368. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/525368?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[145]
Lilian Passmore Sanderson, ‘Education in the Southern Sudan: The Impact of Government-Missionary-Southern Sudanese Relationships upon the Development of Education during the Condominium Period, 1898-1956’, African Affairs, vol. 79, no. 315, pp. 157–169, 1980, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/722117
[146]
C. Leonardi, ‘Paying “buckets of blood” for the land: moral debates over economy, war and state in Southern Sudan’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 49, no. 02, pp. 215–240, June 2011, doi: 10.1017/S0022278X11000024. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8263290&fileId=S0022278X11000024
[147]
M. G. Jumbert and D. Lanz, ‘Globalised rebellion: the Darfur insurgents and the world’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 51, no. 02, pp. 193–217, June 2013, doi: 10.1017/S0022278X13000177. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8920457&fileId=S0022278X13000177
[148]
S. S. Poggo, The first Sudanese civil war: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan, 1955-1972, 1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
[149]
C. S. Clapham, African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 1998.
[150]
D. H. Johnson and International African Institute, The root causes of Sudan’s civil wars. Oxford: International African Institute in association with James Currey, 2003. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=4591814
[151]
F. M. Deng, War of visions: conflict of identities in the Sudan. Available: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=52465&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1123049
[152]
R. O. Collins, A history of modern Sudan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
[153]
P. M. Holt and M. W. Daly, A history of the Sudan: from the coming of Islam to the present day, 5th ed. Harlow, England: Longman, 2000.
[154]
D. M. WAI, ‘PAX BRITANNICA AND THE SOUTHERN SUDAN: THE VIEW FROM THE THEATRE’, African Affairs, vol. 79, no. 316, pp. 375–395, July 1980, doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097230
[155]
L. B. D. Kuol, ‘Political violence and the emergence of the dispute over Abyei, Sudan, 1950–1983’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 573–589, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1080/17531055.2014.950077
[156]
L. Aalen, ‘Ethiopian state support to insurgency in Southern Sudan from 1962 to 1983: local, regional and global connections’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 626–641, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1080/17531055.2014.949403
[157]
D. H. Johnson, ‘The Heglig oil dispute between Sudan and South Sudan’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 561–569, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.1080/17531055.2012.696910
[158]
J. Young, ‘The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a history of tensions and pragmatism’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 105–120, 1996, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161740?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[159]
R. J. Reid, Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800, vol. Zones of violence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=321550&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[160]
A. Tekle, Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation. Lawrenceville, N.J.: Red Sea, 1994.
[161]
John Sorenson, ‘Discourses on Eritrean Nationalism and Identity’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 301–317, 1991, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/161025?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[162]
D. Connell, ‘Inside the EPLF: the origins of the people’s party’ & its role in the liberation of Eritrea’, Review of African Political Economy, vol. 28, no. 89, pp. 345–364, Sept. 2001, doi: 10.1080/03056240108704545. Available: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03056240108704545
[163]
J. Markakis, National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1990.
[164]
P. B. Henze, Eritrea’s war: confrontation, international response, outcome, prospects. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Shama Books, 2001.
[165]
I. M. (Ioan M. Lewis, Nationalism & self determination in the Horn of Africa. London: Ithaca Press, 1983.
[166]
J. Mayall, Africa: the cold war and after, vol. International relations series. London: Elek, 1971.
[167]
L. Cliffe and B. Davidson, The long struggle of Eritrea for independence and constructive peace. Nottingham: Spokesman, 1988.
[168]
D. Pool, From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front, vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford [England]: James Currey ; Athens, 2001.
[169]
Alemseged Abbay, Identity jilted, or, Re-imagining identity?: the divergent paths of the Eritrean and Tigrayan nationalist struggles. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1998.
[170]
C. S. Clapham, African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 1998.
[171]
Bahru Zewde, A history of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1974, vol. Eastern African studies. London: Currey, 1991.
[172]
H. G. Marcus, The politics of empire: Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974. Lawrenceville, N.J.: Red Sea Press, 1995.
[173]
R. Pateman, Eritrea: even the stones are burning, New&rev. Ed., 2nd ed. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1998.
[174]
R. Iyob, The Eritrean struggle for independence: domination, resistance, nationalism, 1941-1993, vol. African studies series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
[175]
S. Weldehaimanot and E. Taylor, : ‘a controversial Eritrean manifesto’, Review of African Political Economy, vol. 38, no. 130, pp. 565–585, Dec. 2011, doi: 10.1080/03056244.2011.630870
[176]
R. J. Reid, Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800, vol. Zones of violence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=321550&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[177]
Gebru Tareke, The Ethiopian revolution: war in the Horn of Africa, vol. Yale library of military history. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
[178]
W. James, Remapping Ethiopia: Socialism and After. Athens, USA: Ohio University Press, 2002.
[179]
R. Iyob, The Eritrean struggle for independence: domination, resistance, nationalism, 1941-1993, vol. African studies series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
[180]
E. J. Keller, Revolutionary Ethiopia: from empire to people’s republic. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988.
[181]
Aregawi Berhe, ‘The Origins of the Tigray People’s Liberation Front’, African Affairs, vol. 103, no. 413, pp. 569–592, 2004, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518491?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[182]
K. Tronvoll, C. Schaefer, and Girmachew Alemu, The Ethiopian red terror trials: transitional justice challenged. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey, 2009. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=661862
[183]
C. S. Clapham, Transformation and continuity in revolutionary Ethiopia, vol. African studies series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
[184]
J. Markakis and Nega Ayele, Class and revolution in Ethiopia. Trenton, N.J.: Red Sea Press, 1986.
[185]
Gebru Tareke, Ethiopia: power and protest : peasant revolts in the twentieth century, vol. African studies series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
[186]
‘The Impact of Violence: the Ethiopian Red Terror as Social Phenomenon’. Available: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/9092
[187]
P. Toggia, ‘The revolutionary endgame of political power: the genealogy of “red terror” in Ethiopia’, African Identities, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 265–280, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.1080/14725843.2012.715455. Available: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2012.715455
[188]
G. Tareke, ‘The Red Terror in Ethiopia’, Journal of Developing Societies, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 183–206, June 2008, doi: 10.1177/0169796X0802400205. Available: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0169796X0802400205
[189]
M. Tegegn, ‘Mengistu’s “Red Terror”’, African Identities, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 249–263, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.1080/14725843.2012.715454. Available: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2012.715454
[190]
Michael Chege, ‘The Revolution Betrayed: Ethiopia, 1974-9’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 359–380, 1979, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/160488?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[191]
J. Wiebel, ‘“Let the Red Terror Intensify”: Political Violence, Governance and Society ...’, International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 13–29, 2015, Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44715382
[192]
‘Evil Days - 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia’. Available: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf
[193]
H. Behrend, Alice Lakwena & the holy spirits: war in northern Uganda, 1985-97. Oxford: James Currey, 1999.
[194]
C. S. Clapham, African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 1998.
[195]
R. R. Atkinson, P. Lancaster, L. Cakaj, and G. Lacaille, ‘Do no harm: assessing a military approach to the Lord’s Resistance Army’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 371–382, May 2012, doi: 10.1080/17531055.2012.669591
[196]
‘Lords Resistance Army’, Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 20146B-20146B, June 2014, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-825X.2014.05714.x
[197]
T. Allen, Trial justice: the international criminal court and the Lord’s Resistance Army, vol. African arguments. London: Zed, 2006. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=121616&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[198]
H. Behrend and U. Luig, Spirit possession, modernity and power in Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 1999.
[199]
Allen, Tim, ‘Inspired Leadership?: Understanding Alice: Uganda’s Holy Spirit Movement in Context’, Africa (London. 1928), vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 370–399, 1991, Available: http://cm7ly9cu9w.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inspired+Leadership%3F%3A+Understanding+Alice%3A+Uganda%27s+Holy+Spirit+Movement+in+Context&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.au=Allen%2C+Tim&rft.date=1991&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.issn=0001-9720&rft.eissn=1750-0184&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=370&rft.epage=399&rft.externalDocID=00327669&paramdict=en-UK
[200]
Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot, ‘Kony’s Message: A New Koine? The Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda’, African Affairs, vol. 98, no. 390, pp. 5–36, 1999, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/723682?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[201]
Tim Allen, ‘Understanding Alice: Uganda’s Holy Spirit Movement in Context’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 370–399, 1991, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/1160031?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[202]
‘The Coming Anarchy - The Atlantic’. Available: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/
[203]
P. Gourevitch, We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: stories from Rwanda. London: Picador, 1999.
[204]
G. Prunier, The Rwanda crisis: history of a genocide, [Rev. ed.]. London: Hurst, 1998.
[205]
M. Mamdani, When victims become killers: colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda. Oxford: James Currey, 2001. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=611221&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[206]
R. Dallaire and B. Beardsley, Shake hands with the devil: the failure of humanity in Rwanda. London: Arrow, 2004.
[207]
J. Pottier, Re-imagining Rwanda: conflict, survival and disinformation in the late twentieth century, vol. African studies series. Cambridge [U.K.]: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=41977&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[208]
African Rights (Organization), Rwanda: death, despair, and defiance, Rev. ed. London: African Rights, 1995.
[209]
J. Hatzfeld, A time for machetes: the Rwandan genocide - the killers speak. London: Serpent’s Tail, 2008.
[210]
P. Uvin, ‘Ethnicity and power in Burundi and Rwanda: different paths to mass violence’, Comparative Politics, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 253–271, 1999, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/422339?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[211]
D. Newbury, ‘Understanding genocide’, African Studies Review, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 73–97, 1998, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/524682?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[212]
Catharine Newbury, ‘Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda’, Africa Today, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 7–24, 1998, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/4187200?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[213]
C. Newbury and D. Newbury, ‘A Catholic Mass in Kigali: Contested Views of the Genocide and Ethnicity in Rwanda’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol. 33, no. 2/3, 1999, doi: 10.2307/486267
[214]
S. Straus, ‘How many perpetrators were there in the Rwandan genocide? An estimate’, Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 85–98, Mar. 2004, doi: 10.1080/1462352042000194728
[215]
L. A. Fujii, ‘Transforming the moral landscape: the diffusion of a genocidal norm in Rwanda’, Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 99–114, Mar. 2004, doi: 10.1080/1462352042000194737
[216]
F. Reyntjens, ‘Rwanda, ten years on: from genocide to dictatorship’, African Affairs, vol. 103, no. 411, pp. 177–210, 2004, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518608?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[217]
‘Rwanda: Leave None To Tell The Story’. Available: https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/rwanda0399.htm
[218]
L. Melvern and P. Williams, ‘Britannia waived the rules: the major government and the 1994 Rwandan genocide’, African Affairs, vol. 103, no. 410, pp. 1–22, 2004, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518418?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[219]
R. Lemarchand, ‘Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in comparative perspective’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 581–604, 1994, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161565?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[220]
J. Vansina, Antecedents to modern Rwanda: the Nyiginya Kingdom, vol. Africa and the diaspora. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=3444760
[221]
H. M. Hintjens, ‘Explaining the 1994 genocide in Rwanda’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 241–286, 1999, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161847?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[222]
R. Lemarchand, ‘Rwanda: The Rationality of Genocide’, Issue: A Journal of Opinion, vol. 23, no. 2, 1995, doi: 10.2307/1166499
[223]
C. Newbury and D. Newbury, ‘A Catholic Mass in Kigali: Contested Views of the Genocide and Ethnicity in Rwanda’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, vol. 33, no. 2/3, 1999, doi: 10.2307/486267
[224]
S. Straus, ‘What Is the Relationship between Hate Radio and Violence? Rethinking Rwanda’s "Radio Machete”’, Politics & Society, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 609–637, Dec. 2007, doi: 10.1177/0032329207308181
[225]
J. Pottier, Re-imagining Rwanda: conflict, survival and disinformation in the late twentieth century, vol. 102. Cambridge [U.K.]: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=41977&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[226]
D. Li, ‘Echoes of violence: considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda’, Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 9–27, Mar. 2004, doi: 10.1080/1462352042000194683
[227]
Stefan Elbe, ‘HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa’, International Security, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 159–177, 2002, Available: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/3092146?pq-origsite=summon
[228]
C. C. Taylor, Sacrifice as terror: the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Oxford: Berg, 1999.
[229]
‘Africa’s illiberal state-builders — Refugee Studies Centre’. Available: http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/africas-illiberal-state-builders
[230]
J. Abbink, ‘Discomfiture of democracy? The 2005 election crisis in Ethiopia and its aftermath’, African Affairs, vol. 105, no. 419, pp. 173–199, Oct. 2005, doi: 10.1093/afraf/adi122
[231]
R. J. Reid, Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800, vol. Zones of violence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=321550&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[232]
S. Lindemann, ‘Just another change of guard? Broad-based politics and civil war in Museveni’s Uganda’, African Affairs, vol. 110, no. 440, pp. 387–416, July 2011, doi: 10.1093/afraf/adr023. Available: http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/110/440/387
[233]
J. Abbink, ‘Discomfiture of democracy? The 2005 election crisis in Ethiopia and its aftermath’, African Affairs, vol. 105, no. 419, pp. 173–199, Oct. 2005, doi: 10.1093/afraf/adi122
[234]
P. Nugent, Africa since independence: a comparative history. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
[235]
S. Decalo, Coups and army rule in Africa: studies in military style. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
[236]
‘Torture and Unlawful Military Detention in Rwanda | HRW’. Available: https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/10/10/we-will-force-you-confess/torture-and-unlawful-military-detention-rwanda
[237]
R. Reid, ‘Caught in the headlights of history: Eritrea, the EPLF and the post-war nation-state’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 467–488, 2005, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876064?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[238]
F. Cooper, ‘Africa since 1940: the past of the present’, in Africa since 1940: the past of the present, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=36476c20-4d92-e711-80cb-005056af4099
[239]
P. Nugent, Africa since independence: a comparative history. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
[240]
Filip Reyntjens, ‘Rwanda, ten years on: from genocide to dictatorship’, African Affairs, vol. 103, no. 411, pp. 177–210, 2004, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518608?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[241]
D. Pool, From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front, vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford [England]: James Currey ; Athens, 2001.
[242]
E. A. Brett, ‘Neutralising the use of force in Uganda: the role of the military in politics’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 129–152, 1995, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161549?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[243]
K. Tronvoll, ‘The Ethiopian 2010 federal and regional elections: re-establishing the one-party state’, African Affairs, vol. 110, no. 438, pp. 121–136, 2011, doi: 10.1093/afraf/adq076. Available: http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/110/438/121.full
[244]
L. Aalen and K. Tronvoll, ‘The end of democracy? Curtailing political and civil rights in Ethiopia’, Review of African Political Economy, vol. 36, no. 120, pp. 193–207, June 2009, doi: 10.1080/03056240903065067. Available: https://brunel.rl.talis.com/items/F57DBEA9-9D58-FD8B-FB7B-E5F7DAE55FE4.html
[245]
J. Iliffe, Honour in African history, vol. African studies series. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[246]
R. Reid, ‘The politics of silence: interpreting stasis in contemporary Eritrea’, Review of African Political Economy, vol. 36, no. 120, pp. 209–221, June 2009, doi: 10.1080/03056240903065125. Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03056240903065125
[247]
R. Lemarchand, ‘Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in comparative perspective’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 581–604, 1994, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161565?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[248]
C. S. Clapham, Africa and the international system: the politics of state survival, vol. Cambridge studies in international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[249]
T. Negash and K. Tronvoll, Brothers at war: making sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian war, vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford: James Currey, 2000.
[250]
P. Gilkes, M. Plaut, and Royal Institute of International Affairs, War in the Horn: the conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia, vol. Discussion paper / Royal Institute of International Affairs. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999.
[251]
A. Tekle, Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation. Lawrenceville, N.J.: Red Sea, 1994.
[252]
D. Pool, From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean people’s liberation front, vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford [England]: James Currey ; Athens, 2001.
[253]
J. Markakis, National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1990.
[254]
R. J. Reid, Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800, vol. Zones of violence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=321550&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[255]
G. Tareke, ‘The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 revisited’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 635–667, 2000, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097438?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[256]
R. Iyob, ‘The Ethiopian–Eritrean conflict: diasporic vs. hegemonic states in the Horn of Africa, 1991-2000’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 659–682, 2000, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161513?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[257]
J. Young, ‘The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a history of tensions and pragmatism’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 105–120, 1996, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161740?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[258]
R. Reid, ‘Old problems in new conflicts: some observations on Eritrea and its relations with Tigray, from liberation struggle to inter-state war’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 369–401, 2003, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3556909?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[259]
T. Negash and K. Tronvoll, Brothers at war: making sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian war, vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford: James Currey, 2000.
[260]
I. M. Lewis and I. M. Lewis, A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, 4th ed., vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford: James Currey, 2002.
[261]
J. Abbink, ‘Briefing: the Eritrean-Ethiopian border dispute’, African Affairs, vol. 97, no. 389, pp. 551–565, 1998, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/723345?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=the&searchText=eritrean-ethiopian&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dthe%2Beritrean-ethiopian%26amp%3Bfilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100046%26amp%3BSearch%3DSearch%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3BglobalSearch%3D%26amp%3BsbbBox%3D%26amp%3BsbjBox%3D%26amp%3BsbpBox%3D&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[262]
C. S. Clapham, African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 1998.
[263]
I. M. Lewis and I. M. Lewis, ‘A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa’, in A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, 4th ed.Oxford: James Currey, 2002. Available: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=418c9cc6-ed92-e711-80cb-005056af4099
[264]
J. Young, ‘Along Ethiopia’s western frontier: Gambella and Benishangul in transition’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 321–346, 1999, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161849?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[265]
T. Hagmann, ‘Beyond clannishness and colonialism: understanding political disorder in Ethiopia’s Somali region, 1991-2004’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 509–536, 2005, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876317?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[266]
G. Schlee, ‘Redrawing the map of the Horn: the politics of difference’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 343–368, 2003, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3556908?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[267]
G. Prunier, ‘Rebel movements and proxy warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99)’, African Affairs, vol. 103, no. 412, pp. 359–383, 2004, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518562?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[268]
H. Whittaker, Insurgency and counterinsurgency in Kenya: a social history of the Shifta Conflict, c. 1963-1968, volume 34. Leiden: Brill, 2014.
[269]
H. Whittaker, ‘Legacies of Empire: State Violence and Collective Punishment in Kenya’s North Eastern Province, . 1963–Present’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 641–657, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1080/03086534.2015.1083232
[270]
P. Gilkes, M. Plaut, and Royal Institute of International Affairs, War in the Horn: the conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia, vol. Discussion paper / Royal Institute of International Affairs. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999.
[271]
R. J. Reid, Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800, vol. Zones of violence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=321550&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[272]
C. S. Clapham, African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 1998.
[273]
J. Markakis, National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1990.
[274]
C. S. Clapham, Africa and the international system: the politics of state survival, vol. Cambridge studies in international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[275]
P. Chabal and J.-P. Daloz, Africa works: disorder as political instrument, vol. African issues. [London]: International African Institute in association with James Currey, Oxford, 1999.
[276]
K. Fukui and J. Markakis, Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa, vol. Eastern African studies. London: James Currey, 1994.
[277]
‘The Coming Anarchy - The Atlantic’. Available: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/
[278]
I. M. Lewis and I. M. Lewis, A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, 4th ed., vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford: James Currey, 2002.
[279]
L. Hammond, ‘Somalia rising: things are starting to change for the world’s longest failed state’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 183–193, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1080/17531055.2012.755316
[280]
K. Menkhaus, ‘Governance without government in Somalia spoilers, state building, and the politics of coping’, International Security, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 74–106, 2007, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4137508?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[281]
R. Marchal, ‘Warlordism and terrorism: how to obscure an already confusing crisis? The case of Somalia’, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 1091–1106, 2007, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4541912?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[282]
L. Seay, ‘Understanding Somali piracy’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 51, no. 01, pp. 169–175, Mar. 2013, doi: 10.1017/S0022278X13000050. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8843315&fileId=S0022278X13000050
[283]
K. Menkhaus, ‘The crisis in Somalia: tragedy in five acts’, African Affairs, vol. 106, no. 424, pp. 357–390, 2007, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4496459?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[284]
A. Lindley, ‘Between “dirty money” and development capital’: Somali money transfer infrastructure under global scrutiny’, African Affairs, vol. 108, no. 433, pp. 519–539, 2009, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40388418
[285]
A. Le Sage, ‘Somalia: sovereign disguise for a Mogadishu mafia’, Review of African Political Economy, vol. 29, no. 91, pp. 132–138, 2002, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4006869?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=le&searchText=sage&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dle%2Bsage%26amp%3Bfilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj101241%26amp%3BSearch%3DSearch%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3BglobalSearch%3D%26amp%3BsbbBox%3D%26amp%3BsbjBox%3D%26amp%3BsbpBox%3D&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[286]
C. Barnes and H. Hassan, ‘The rise and fall of Mogadishu’s Islamic courts’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 151–160, July 2007, doi: 10.1080/17531050701452382. Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17531050701452382
[287]
T. Hagmann, ‘Beyond clannishness and colonialism: understanding political disorder in Ethiopia’s Somali region, 1991-2004’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 509–536, 2005, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876317?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[288]
J. Bakonyi, ‘Moral economies of mass violence: Somalia 1988–1991’, Civil Wars, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 434–454, Dec. 2009, doi: 10.1080/13698240903403790. Available: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13698240903403790
[289]
A. Le Sage, ‘Prospects for Al Itihad & Islamist radicalism in Somalia’, Review of African Political Economy, vol. 28, no. 89, pp. 472–477, 2001, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4006625?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[290]
T. Hagmann, ‘Review: from state collapse to duty-free shop: Somalia’s path to modernity’, African Affairs, vol. 104, no. 416, pp. 525–535, 2005, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518728?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[291]
C. Besteman, ‘Violent politics and the politics of violence: the dissolution of the Somali nation-state’, American Ethnologist, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 579–596, 1996, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/646353?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[292]
S. J. Hansen, Al-Shabaab in Somalia: the history and ideology of a militant Islamist group, 2005-2012. London: Hurst & Company, 2013. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=557262&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[293]
M. Bradbury, Becoming Somaliland, vol. African issues. London: James Currey, 2008.
[294]
M. Harper, International African Institute, Royal African Society, and Economic and Social Research Council (Great Britain), Getting Somalia wrong?: faith, war and hope in a shattered state, vol. African arguments. London: Zed, 2012. Available: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=351998&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
[295]
I. M. Lewis, ‘Doing Violence to Ethnography: A Response to Catherine Besteman’s “Representing Violence and ‘Othering’ Somalia”’, Cultural Anthropology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 100–108, 1998, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/656690?pq-origsite=summon
[296]
Abdi Ismail Samatar, ‘Destruction of State and Society in Somalia: Beyond the Tribal Convention’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 625–641, 1992, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161268?pq-origsite=summon
[297]
Catherine Besteman, ‘Representing Violence and “Othering” Somalia’, Cultural Anthropology, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 120–133, 1996, Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/656211
[298]
L. Kapteijns, ‘Gender Relations and the Transformation of the Northern Somali Pastoral Tradition’, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 28, no. 2, 1995, doi: 10.2307/221614