1.
Parker J, Rathbone R. African history: a very short introduction [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=415063
2.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
3.
Iliffe J. Africans: the history of a continent. Third edition. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2017.
4.
Iliffe J. Honour in African history. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
5.
Austen RA. African economic history: internal development and external dependency. Oxford: James Currey; 1987.
6.
Lamphear J. African military history. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub. Co; 2007.
7.
Reno W. Warfare in independent Africa [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=330691&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
8.
Reid RJ. Warfare in African history [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
9.
Williams P. War & conflict in Africa. Cambridge: Polity; 2011.
10.
Reno W. Warlord politics and African states. Pbk. ed. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers; 1999.
11.
Markakis J. National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd; 1990.
12.
Fukui K, Markakis J. Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: James Currey; 1994.
13.
Clapham CS. African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press; 1998.
14.
Black J. War in the modern world since 1815. London: Routledge; 2003.
15.
Lamphear J. African military history. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Pub. Co; 2007.
16.
Reid RJ. Warfare in African history [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
17.
Reno W. Warfare in independent Africa [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=803173
18.
Keegan J. A history of warfare. A history of warfare [Internet]. [2nd edition]. London: Pimlico; 2004. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=1eabcf64-f092-e711-80cb-005056af4099
19.
African Military History Comes of Age. Journal of Military History [Internet]. 2017; Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=30h&AN=120270965&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1123049
20.
Ali TMA, Matthews RO. Civil wars in Africa: roots and resolution [Internet]. Montreal [Que.]: McGill-Queen’s University Press; 1999. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=285523&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
21.
Uzoigwe GN. Pre-colonial military studies in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1975;13(3):469–481. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/159851?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=uzoigwe&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Duzoigwe%26amp%3Bswp%3Don%26amp%3Bprq%3Djournal%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Bafrican%2Bstudies%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bso%3Drel%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
22.
Violent Development:  toward an economic history of African warfare and military organisation. Available from: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14195/
23.
Ali TMA, Matthews RO. Civil wars in Africa: roots and resolution [Internet]. Montreal [Que.]: McGill-Queen’s University Press; 1999. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=3331230
24.
Warrior tradition in modern Africa: 23. Leiden: Brill; 1978.
25.
Gberie, Lansana. The ‘Rebel’ Wars of Africa: From Political Contest to Criminal Violence? The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 52(1):151–157. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/div-classtitlethe-rebel-wars-of-africa-from-political-contest-to-criminal-violencediv/449771E57EAB1BA6E0B9500BF34F60CE
26.
Reid RJ. Revisiting Primitive War: Perceptions of Violence and Race in History. War & Society. 2007 Oct;26(2):1–25.
27.
Farrer JA. Savage and Civilized Warfare. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 1880;9.
28.
Porter AN. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.
29.
Lugard FJD. The dual mandate in British tropical Africa [Internet]. [5th ed.]. Abingdon, Oxon: Frank Cass; 2005. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=1144689
30.
The Coming Anarchy - The Atlantic [Internet]. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/
31.
Williams P. War & conflict in Africa. Cambridge: Polity; 2011.
32.
Collier P, Hoeffler A. Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers [Internet]. 2004;56(4):563–595. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3488799?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
33.
Berdal M. Beyond greed and grievance. Review of International Studies [Internet]. 2005 Oct 7;31(04). Available from: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=343188&fileId=S0260210505006698
34.
Azam JP. Looting and conflict between ethnoregional groups: lessons for state formation in Africa. The Journal of Conflict Resolution [Internet]. 2002;46(1):131–153. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3176243?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
35.
Reno W. Warlord politics and African states. Pbk. ed. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers; 1999.
36.
Kalyvas SN. ‘New’ and ‘old’ civil wars: a valid distinction? World Politics [Internet]. 2001;54(1):99–118. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054175?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
37.
Fukui K, Markakis J. Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: James Currey; 1994.
38.
Clapham CS. African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press; 1998.
39.
Kalyvas SN. The ontology of ‘political violence’: action and identity in civil wars. Perspectives on Politics [Internet]. 2003;1(3):475–494. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3688707?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=kalyvas&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dkalyvas%26amp%3Bfilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100986%26amp%3BSearch%3DSearch%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3BglobalSearch%3D%26amp%3BsbbBox%3D%26amp%3BsbjBox%3D%26amp%3BsbpBox%3D&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
40.
Richards P. Fighting for the rain forest: war, youth & resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: The International African Institute in association with James Currey; 1996.
41.
Peters K. Review: understanding recent African wars. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute [Internet]. 2007;77(3):442–454. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40026831?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
42.
Whittaker HA. The socioeconomic dynamics of the Shifta conflict in Kenya, c. 1963–8. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2012 Nov;53(03):391–408. Available from: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8809049&fileId=S0021853712000448
43.
Leopold M. Review: violence in contemporary Africa reassessed. African Affairs [Internet]. 2005;104(417):685–695. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518815?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
44.
Reid RJ. Warfare in African history [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
45.
Iliffe J. Honour in African history. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
46.
Warrior tradition in modern Africa: 23. Leiden: Brill; 1978.
47.
Warrior tradition in modern Africa: 23. Leiden: Brill; 1978.
48.
Ali A. Mazrui. The Resurrection of the Warrior Tradition in African Political Culture. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press; 1975;13(1):67–84. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/159697?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
49.
Schiller LD. The Royal Women of Buganda. The International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 1990;23(3). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/219599
50.
Waller R. Rebellious youth in colonial Africa. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2006;47(1):77–92. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4100566?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
51.
Richard Reid. War and Remembrance: Orality, Literacy and Conflict in the Horn. Journal of African Cultural Studies [Internet]. Taylor & Francis, Ltd.Taylor & Francis, Ltd.; 2006;18(1):89–103. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/25473358?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
52.
Richards P. Fighting for the rain forest: war, youth & resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: The International African Institute in association with James Currey; 1996.
53.
Reid RJ. Political power in pre-colonial Buganda: economy, society & welfare in the nineteenth century. Oxford: James Currey; 2002.
54.
Reid R. Images of an African ruler: Kabaka Mutesa of Buganda, ca. 1857-1884. History in Africa [Internet]. 1999;26:269–298. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3172144?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
55.
Bennett NR. Chapter 1: The Nyamwezi and the Arabs. Mirambo of Tanzania, 1840?-1884 [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 1971. p. 3–32. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=0f7418e9-a7fe-eb11-b563-0050f2f09783
56.
Reid RJ, British Institute in Eastern Africa. Chapter 2: Antiquity & Inheritance: Restorative Violence & the Weight of History. War in pre-colonial eastern Africa: the patterns & meanings of state-level conflict in the nineteenth century [Internet]. Oxford: James Currey; 2007. p. 22–38. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=dde98ee7-5206-ec11-b563-0050f2f06092
57.
Violent Development:  toward an economic history of African warfare and military organisation. Available from: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14195/
58.
Spear T, Waller R. Being Maasai: ethnicity & identity in East Africa. London: James Currey; 1993.
59.
Reid R. War and militarism in pre-colonial Buganda. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa [Internet]. 1999 Jan;34(1):45–60. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709909511471
60.
Crummey D. Banditry, rebellion and social protest in Africa. London: Currey; 1986.
61.
Kenny MG. Mutesa’s crime: hubris and the control of African kings. Comparative Studies in Society and History [Internet]. 1988;30(4):595–612. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/178926?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
62.
Reid R. The Ganda on Lake Victoria: a nineteenth-century East African imperialism. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1998;39(3):349–363. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/183358?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
63.
Beachey RW. The arms trade in East Africa in the late nineteenth century. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1962;3(3):451–467. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/180076?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
64.
Shorter A. Nyungu-ya-Mawe and the ‘Empire of the Ruga-rugas’. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1968 Apr;9(02). Available from: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3230576&fileId=S0021853700008859
65.
Caulk R. Bad men of the borders: Shum and Shefta in northern Ethiopia in the 19th Century. International journal of African historical studies [Internet]. Boston University African Studies Center; 1984;17(2):201–227. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/218604
66.
Reid R. Mutesa and Mirambo: thoughts on East African warfare and diplomacy in the nineteenth century. The International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 1998;31(1):73–89. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/220885?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
67.
Doyle S. Crisis & decline in Bunyoro: population & environment in western Uganda 1860-1955. Crisis & decline in Bunyoro: population & environment in western Uganda 1860-1955. London: The British Institute in Eastern Africa; 2006.
68.
Iliffe J. A modern history of Tanganyika. A modern history of Tanganyika [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1979. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=2fb66509-0193-e711-80cb-005056af4099
69.
Reid RJ. Warfare in African history [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
70.
Iliffe J. Honour in African history. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
71.
MacKenzie JM. Propaganda and empire: the manipulation of British public opinion,1880-1960. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1984.
72.
Farrer JA. Savage and Civilized Warfare. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 1880;9.
73.
MacKenzie JM. Imperialism and popular culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1986.
74.
Diamonds are forever? Kipling’s imperialism. By: Judd, Denis, History Today, 00182753, June97,  Vol. 47,  Issue 6. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=30h&AN=9708050190&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1123049
75.
Oliver RA, Sanderson GN. The Cambridge history of Africa: vol.6: from c.1870 to c.1905. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1985.
76.
Porter AN. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.
77.
Vandervort B. Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914 [Internet]. London: UCL Press; 1998. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=40829&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
78.
Franey LE. Victorian travel writing and imperial violence: British writing on Africa, 1855-1902 [Internet]. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan; 2003. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=44425&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
79.
Lugard FJD. The dual mandate in British tropical Africa [Internet]. [5th ed.]. Abingdon, Oxon: Frank Cass; 2005. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=1144689
80.
Lewis IM, Lewis IM. A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. 4th ed. Oxford: James Currey; 2002.
81.
Porter AN. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.
82.
Brantlinger P. Rule of darkness: British literature and imperialism, 1830-1914. Ithaca, NY.: Cornell University Press; 1988.
83.
Jonas RA. The Battle of Adwa: African victory in the age of empire. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 2011.
84.
Porter AN. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.
85.
Jamie Monson. Relocating Maji Maji: The Politics of Alliance and Authority in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, 1870-1918. The Journal of African History [Internet]. Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press; 1998;39(1):95–120. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/183331?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
86.
Thaddeus Sunseri. Reinterpreting a Colonial Rebellion: Forestry and Social Control in German East Africa, 1874-1915. Environmental History [Internet]. Oxford University PressForest History SocietyAmerican Society for Environmental HistoryOxford University Press; 2003;8(3):430–451. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/3986203?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
87.
Redmond PM. Maji Maji in Ungoni: A Reappraisal of Existing Historiography. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 1975;8(3).
88.
Thaddeus Sunseri. Famine and Wild Pigs: Gender Struggles and the Outbreak of the Majimaji War in Uzaramo (Tanzania). The Journal of African History [Internet]. Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press; 1997;38(2):235–259. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/182823?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=sunseri&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100201%26amp%3BQuery%3Dsunseri&refreqid=search%3A9a1a54dde68c7f7ea20a8b93e255edea&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
89.
Ranger TO. Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Studies Review. 1986 June;29(2).
90.
T. O. Ranger. Connexions between ‘Primary Resistance’ Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa. Part I. The Journal of African History [Internet]. Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press; 1968;9(3):437–453. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/180275?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
91.
Hinsley FH. The New Cambridge modern history: Vol.11: Material progress and world-wide problems, 1870-1898. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1962.
92.
John Iliffe. The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion. The Journal of African History [Internet]. Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press; 1967;8(3):495–512. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/179833?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
93.
Whittingham D. ‘Savage warfare’: C.E. Callwell, the roots of counter-insurgency, and the nineteenth century context. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 2012 Oct;23(4–5):591–607.
94.
Iliffe J. A modern history of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1979.
95.
Felicitas Becker. Traders, ‘Big Men’ and Prophets: Political Continuity and Crisis in the Maji Maji Rebellion in Southeast Tanzania. The Journal of African History [Internet]. Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press; 2004;45(1):1–22. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/4100330?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
96.
Paice E. Tip and run: the untold tragedy of the Great War in Africa. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; 2007.
97.
Lee JM, Institute for Strategic Studies. African armies and civil order. African armies and civil order [Internet]. London: Chatto & Windus for the Institute for Strategic Studies; 1969. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=d4672ce2-ec92-e711-80cb-005056af4099
98.
Iliffe J. Honour in African history. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
99.
Ali A. Mazrui. The Resurrection of the Warrior Tradition in African Political Culture. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press; 1975;13(1):67–84. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/159697?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
100.
Claude E. Welch Jr. Continuity and Discontinuity in African Military Organisation. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press; 1975;13(2):229–248. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/160191?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
101.
Echenberg MJ. Colonial conscripts: the Tirailleurs Sâenâegalais in French West Africa, 1857-1960. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann; 1991.
102.
Reid RJ. Warfare in African history [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
103.
Lugard FJD. The dual mandate in British tropical Africa [Internet]. [5th ed.]. Abingdon, Oxon: Frank Cass; 2005. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=1144689
104.
Anderson R. The forgotten front: the East African campaign, 1914-1918. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus; 2004.
105.
Clayton A, Killingray D. Khaki and blue: military and police in British colonial Africa. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies; 1989.
106.
Porter AN. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Volume 3: The nineteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.
107.
Vandervort B. Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914 [Internet]. London: UCL Press; 1998. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=40829&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
108.
PARSONS TH. MAU MAU’S ARMY OF CLERKS: COLONIAL MILITARY SERVICE AND THE KENYA LAND FREEDOM ARMY IN KENYA’S NATIONAL IMAGINATION. The Journal of African History. 2017 July;58(02):285–309.
109.
Killingray D, Plaut M. Fighting for Britain: African soldiers in the Second World War. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey; 2010.
110.
Beloff M, Beloff M. Imperial sunset: Vol.1: Britain’s liberal empire, 1897-1921. London: Methuen; 1969.
111.
Parsons TH. African rank-and-file: social implications of colonial military service in the King’s African Rifles. Portsmouth: Heinemann; 1999.
112.
Policing the empire. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press; 1991.
113.
Killingray D, Omissi DE. Guardians of empire: the armed forces of the colonial powers, c. 1700-1964. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1999.
114.
Streets-Salter H. Martial races: the military, race and masculinity in British imperial culture, 1857-1914. 1st digital pbk. ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2010.
115.
Moyse-Bartlett H. King’s African rifles: a study in the military history of East and Central Africa, 1890-1945 [Internet]. Naval & Military Press Ltd; 1 AD. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=441041&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1123049
116.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
117.
Page M. A history of the King’s African Rifles and East African forces [Internet]. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military; 2011. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=618956&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
118.
Fèuredi F. The Mau Mau war in perspective. London: Currey; 1989.
119.
Berman B, Lonsdale J. Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya & Africa, Bk.1: State & class. London: James Currey; 1992.
120.
Berman B, Lonsdale J. Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya and Africa, Bk.2: Violence & ethnicity. London: James Currey; 1992.
121.
Bennett HC. Fighting the Mau Mau: the British Army and counter-insurgency in the Kenya Emergency [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=413058&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
122.
Elkins C. Imperial reckoning: the untold story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. 1st ed. New York: Henry Holt; 2005.
123.
Branch D. Defeating Mau Mau, creating Kenya: counterinsurgency, civil war, and decolonization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
124.
Anderson D. Histories of the hanged: Britain’s dirty war in Kenya and the end of empire. London: Phoenix; 2006.
125.
Berman BJ. Nationalism, ethnicity, and modernity: the paradox of Mau Mau. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines [Internet]. 1991;25(2):181–206. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/485216?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
126.
PARSONS TH. MAU MAU’S ARMY OF CLERKS: COLONIAL MILITARY SERVICE AND THE KENYA LAND FREEDOM ARMY IN KENYA’S NATIONAL IMAGINATION. The Journal of African History. 2017 July;58(02):285–309.
127.
Branch D. The enemy within: loyalists and the war against Mau Mau in Kenya. The Journal of African History [Internet]. Cambridge University Press; 2007;48(2):291–315. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4501043
128.
Luise White. Separating the men from the boys: constructions of gender, sexuality, and terrorism in Central Kenya, 1939-1959. The International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 1990;23(1):1–25. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/219979?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
129.
Lonsdale J. Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya. The Journal of African History. 1990 Nov;31(03).
130.
Tamarkin M. Mau Mau in Nakuru. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1976 Jan;17(01). Available from: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3237728&fileId=S0021853700014791
131.
Baggallay AR. Myths of Mau Mau expanded: rehabilitation in Kenya’s detention camps, 1954–60. Journal of Eastern African Studies [Internet]. 2011 Aug;5(3):553–578. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17531055.2011.611677
132.
Mockaitis TR. The minimum force debate: contemporary sensibilities meet imperial practice. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 2012 Oct;23(4–5):762–780.
133.
Anderson DM. British abuse and torture in Kenya’s counter-insurgency, 1952–1960. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 2012 Oct;23(4–5):700–719.
134.
Whittingham D. ‘Savage warfare’: C.E. Callwell, the roots of counter-insurgency, and the nineteenth century context. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 2012 Oct;23(4–5):591–607.
135.
Hughes M. Introduction: British ways of counter-insurgency. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 2012 Oct;23(4–5):580–590.
136.
Anderson DM. Mau Mau in the High Court and the ‘Lost’ British Empire Archives: Colonial Conspiracy or Bureaucratic Bungle? The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 2011 Dec;39(5):699–716.
137.
Bruce-Lockhart K. "Unsound” minds and broken bodies: the detention of "hardcore” Mau Mau women at Kamiti and Gitamayu Detention Camps in Kenya, 1954–1960. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2014 Oct 2;8(4):590–608.
138.
Whittaker H. Legacies of Empire: State Violence and Collective Punishment in Kenya’s North Eastern Province,                              . 1963­–Present. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 2015 Aug 8;43(4):641–657.
139.
Rolandsen ØH, Leonardi C. Discourses of violence in the transition from colonialism to independence in southern Sudan, 1955–1960. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2014 Oct 2;8(4):609–625.
140.
Rolandsen ØH. The making of the Anya-Nya insurgency in the Southern Sudan, 1961–64. Journal of Eastern African Studies [Internet]. 2011 May;5(2):211–232. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17531055.2011.571386
141.
Rolandsen ØH. A false start : between war and peace in the southern Sudan, 1956–62. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2011 Mar;52(01):105–123. Available from: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8257465&fileId=S0021853711000107
142.
Leonardi C. ‘Liberation’ or capture: youth in between ‘Hakuma’, and ‘home’ during civil war and its aftermath in Southern Sudan. African Affairs [Internet]. 2007;106(424):391–412. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4496460?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
143.
Fukui K, Markakis J. Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: James Currey; 1994.
144.
Jok JM, Hutchinson SE. Sudan’s prolonged second civil war and the militarization of Nuer and Dinka ethnic identities. African Studies Review [Internet]. 1999 Sept;42(2):125–145. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/525368?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
145.
Lilian Passmore Sanderson. Education in the Southern Sudan: The Impact of Government-Missionary-Southern Sudanese Relationships upon the Development of Education during the Condominium Period, 1898-1956. African Affairs [Internet]. Oxford University Press; 1980;79(315):157–169. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/722117
146.
Leonardi C. Paying ‘buckets of blood’ for the land: moral debates over economy, war and state in Southern Sudan. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 2011 June;49(02):215–240. Available from: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8263290&fileId=S0022278X11000024
147.
Jumbert MG, Lanz D. Globalised rebellion: the Darfur insurgents and the world. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 2013 June;51(02):193–217. Available from: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8920457&fileId=S0022278X13000177
148.
Poggo SS. The first Sudanese civil war: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan, 1955-1972. 1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2011.
149.
Clapham CS. African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press; 1998.
150.
Johnson DH, International African Institute. The root causes of Sudan’s civil wars [Internet]. Oxford: International African Institute in association with James Currey; 2003. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=4591814
151.
Deng FM. War of visions: conflict of identities in the Sudan [Internet]. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=nlebk&AN=52465&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1123049
152.
Collins RO. A history of modern Sudan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
153.
Holt PM, Daly MW. A history of the Sudan: from the coming of Islam to the present day. 5th ed. Harlow, England: Longman; 2000.
154.
WAI DM. PAX BRITANNICA AND THE SOUTHERN SUDAN: THE VIEW FROM THE THEATRE. African Affairs. 1980 July;79(316):375–395.
155.
Kuol LBD. Political violence and the emergence of the dispute over Abyei, Sudan, 1950–1983. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2014 Oct 2;8(4):573–589.
156.
Aalen L. Ethiopian state support to insurgency in Southern Sudan from 1962 to 1983: local, regional and global connections. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2014 Oct 2;8(4):626–641.
157.
Johnson DH. The Heglig oil dispute between Sudan and South Sudan. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2012 Aug;6(3):561–569.
158.
Young J. The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a history of tensions and pragmatism. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1996;34(1):105–120. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161740?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
159.
Reid RJ. Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800 [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=321550&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
160.
Tekle A. Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation. Lawrenceville, N.J.: Red Sea; 1994.
161.
John Sorenson. Discourses on Eritrean Nationalism and Identity. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press; 1991;29(2):301–317. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/161025?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
162.
Connell D. Inside the EPLF: the origins of the people’s party’ & its role in the liberation of Eritrea. Review of African Political Economy [Internet]. 2001 Sept;28(89):345–364. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03056240108704545
163.
Markakis J. National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd; 1990.
164.
Henze PB. Eritrea’s war: confrontation, international response, outcome, prospects. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Shama Books; 2001.
165.
Lewis IM (Ioan M. Nationalism & self determination in the Horn of Africa. London: Ithaca Press; 1983.
166.
Mayall J. Africa: the cold war and after. London: Elek; 1971.
167.
Cliffe L, Davidson B. The long struggle of Eritrea for independence and constructive peace. Nottingham: Spokesman; 1988.
168.
Pool D. From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front. Oxford [England]: James Currey ; Athens; 2001.
169.
Alemseged Abbay. Identity jilted, or, Re-imagining identity?: the divergent paths of the Eritrean and Tigrayan nationalist struggles. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press; 1998.
170.
Clapham CS. African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press; 1998.
171.
Bahru Zewde. A history of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1974. London: Currey; 1991.
172.
Marcus HG. The politics of empire: Ethiopia, Great Britain, and the United States, 1941-1974. Lawrenceville, N.J.: Red Sea Press; 1995.
173.
Pateman R. Eritrea: even the stones are burning. New&rev. ed., 2nd ed. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press; 1998.
174.
Iyob R. The Eritrean struggle for independence: domination, resistance, nationalism, 1941-1993. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995.
175.
Weldehaimanot S, Taylor E. : a controversial Eritrean manifesto. Review of African Political Economy. 2011 Dec;38(130):565–585.
176.
Reid RJ. Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800 [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=321550&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
177.
Gebru Tareke. The Ethiopian revolution: war in the Horn of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2009.
178.
James W. Remapping Ethiopia: Socialism and After. Athens, USA: Ohio University Press; 2002.
179.
Iyob R. The Eritrean struggle for independence: domination, resistance, nationalism, 1941-1993. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995.
180.
Keller EJ. Revolutionary Ethiopia: from empire to people’s republic. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1988.
181.
Aregawi Berhe. The Origins of the Tigray People’s Liberation Front. African Affairs [Internet]. 2004;103(413):569–592. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518491?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
182.
Tronvoll K, Schaefer C, Girmachew Alemu. The Ethiopian red terror trials: transitional justice challenged [Internet]. Woodbridge, Suffolk: James Currey; 2009. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=661862
183.
Clapham CS. Transformation and continuity in revolutionary Ethiopia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
184.
Markakis J, Nega Ayele. Class and revolution in Ethiopia. Trenton, N.J.: Red Sea Press; 1986.
185.
Gebru Tareke. Ethiopia: power and protest : peasant revolts in the twentieth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991.
186.
The Impact of Violence: the Ethiopian Red Terror as Social Phenomenon [Internet]. Available from: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/9092
187.
Toggia P. The revolutionary endgame of political power: the genealogy of ‘red terror’ in Ethiopia. African Identities [Internet]. 2012 Aug;10(3):265–280. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2012.715455
188.
Tareke G. The Red Terror in Ethiopia. Journal of Developing Societies [Internet]. 2008 June;24(2):183–206. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0169796X0802400205
189.
Tegegn M. Mengistu’s ‘Red Terror’. African Identities [Internet]. 2012 Aug;10(3):249–263. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2012.715454
190.
Michael Chege. The Revolution Betrayed: Ethiopia, 1974-9. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. Cambridge University Press; 1979;17(3):359–380. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/160488?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
191.
Wiebel J. ‘Let the Red Terror Intensify’: Political Violence, Governance and Society ... International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 2015;48(1):13–29. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44715382
192.
Evil Days - 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia [Internet]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Ethiopia919.pdf
193.
Behrend H. Alice Lakwena & the holy spirits: war in northern Uganda, 1985-97. Oxford: James Currey; 1999.
194.
Clapham CS. African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press; 1998.
195.
Atkinson RR, Lancaster P, Cakaj L, Lacaille G. Do no harm: assessing a military approach to the Lord’s Resistance Army. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2012 May;6(2):371–382.
196.
Lords Resistance Army. Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series. 2014 June;51(5):20146B-20146B.
197.
Allen T. Trial justice: the international criminal court and the Lord’s Resistance Army [Internet]. London: Zed; 2006. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=121616&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
198.
Behrend H, Luig U. Spirit possession, modernity and power in Africa. Oxford: James Currey; 1999.
199.
Allen, Tim. Inspired Leadership?: Understanding Alice: Uganda’s Holy Spirit Movement in Context. Africa (London 1928) [Internet]. 1991;61(3):370–399. Available from: http://cm7ly9cu9w.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inspired+Leadership%3F%3A+Understanding+Alice%3A+Uganda%27s+Holy+Spirit+Movement+in+Context&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.au=Allen%2C+Tim&rft.date=1991&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.issn=0001-9720&rft.eissn=1750-0184&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=370&rft.epage=399&rft.externalDocID=00327669&paramdict=en-UK
200.
Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot. Kony’s Message: A New Koine? The Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda. African Affairs [Internet]. Oxford University PressThe Royal African SocietyThe Royal African Society; 1999;98(390):5–36. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/723682?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
201.
Tim Allen. Understanding Alice: Uganda’s Holy Spirit Movement in Context. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute [Internet]. Cambridge University PressInternational African Institute; 1991;61(3):370–399. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/1160031?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
202.
The Coming Anarchy - The Atlantic [Internet]. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/
203.
Gourevitch P. We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: stories from Rwanda. London: Picador; 1999.
204.
Prunier G. The Rwanda crisis: history of a genocide. [Rev. ed.]. London: Hurst; 1998.
205.
Mamdani M. When victims become killers: colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda [Internet]. Oxford: James Currey; 2001. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=611221&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
206.
Dallaire R, Beardsley B. Shake hands with the devil: the failure of humanity in Rwanda. London: Arrow; 2004.
207.
Pottier J. Re-imagining Rwanda: conflict, survival and disinformation in the late twentieth century [Internet]. Cambridge [U.K.]: Cambridge University Press; 2002. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=41977&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
208.
African Rights (Organization). Rwanda: death, despair, and defiance. Rev. ed. London: African Rights; 1995.
209.
Hatzfeld J. A time for machetes: the Rwandan genocide - the killers speak. London: Serpent’s Tail; 2008.
210.
Uvin P. Ethnicity and power in Burundi and Rwanda: different paths to mass violence. Comparative Politics [Internet]. 1999;31(3):253–271. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/422339?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
211.
Newbury D. Understanding genocide. African Studies Review [Internet]. 1998;41(1):73–97. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/524682?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
212.
Catharine Newbury. Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda. Africa Today [Internet]. Indiana University PressIndiana University Press; 1998;45(1):7–24. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/4187200?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
213.
Newbury C, Newbury D. A Catholic Mass in Kigali: Contested Views of the Genocide and Ethnicity in Rwanda. Canadian Journal of African Studies. 1999;33(2/3).
214.
Straus S. How many perpetrators were there in the Rwandan genocide? An estimate. Journal of Genocide Research. 2004 Mar;6(1):85–98.
215.
Fujii LA. Transforming the moral landscape: the diffusion of a genocidal norm in Rwanda. Journal of Genocide Research. 2004 Mar;6(1):99–114.
216.
Reyntjens F. Rwanda, ten years on: from genocide to dictatorship. African Affairs [Internet]. 2004;103(411):177–210. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518608?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
217.
Rwanda: Leave None To Tell The Story [Internet]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/rwanda0399.htm
218.
Melvern L, Williams P. Britannia waived the rules: the major government and the 1994 Rwandan genocide. African Affairs [Internet]. 2004;103(410):1–22. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518418?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
219.
Lemarchand R. Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in comparative perspective. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1994;32(4):581–604. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161565?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
220.
Vansina J. Antecedents to modern Rwanda: the Nyiginya Kingdom [Internet]. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press; 2004. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=3444760
221.
Hintjens HM. Explaining the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1999;37(2):241–286. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161847?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
222.
Lemarchand R. Rwanda: The Rationality of Genocide. Issue: A Journal of Opinion. 1995;23(2).
223.
Newbury C, Newbury D. A Catholic Mass in Kigali: Contested Views of the Genocide and Ethnicity in Rwanda. Canadian Journal of African Studies. 1999;33(2/3).
224.
Straus S. What Is the Relationship between Hate Radio and Violence? Rethinking Rwanda’s "Radio Machete”. Politics & Society. 2007 Dec;35(4):609–637.
225.
Pottier J. Re-imagining Rwanda: conflict, survival and disinformation in the late twentieth century [Internet]. Cambridge [U.K.]: Cambridge University Press; 2002. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=41977&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
226.
Li D. Echoes of violence: considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda. Journal of Genocide Research. 2004 Mar;6(1):9–27.
227.
Stefan Elbe. HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa. International Security [Internet]. The MIT Press; 2002;27(2):159–177. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/3092146?pq-origsite=summon
228.
Taylor CC. Sacrifice as terror: the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Oxford: Berg; 1999.
229.
Africa’s illiberal state-builders — Refugee Studies Centre [Internet]. Available from: http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/africas-illiberal-state-builders
230.
Abbink J. Discomfiture of democracy? The 2005 election crisis in Ethiopia and its aftermath. African Affairs. 2005 Oct 14;105(419):173–199.
231.
Reid RJ. Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800 [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=321550&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
232.
Lindemann S. Just another change of guard? Broad-based politics and civil war in Museveni’s Uganda. African Affairs [Internet]. 2011 July 1;110(440):387–416. Available from: http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/110/440/387
233.
Abbink J. Discomfiture of democracy? The 2005 election crisis in Ethiopia and its aftermath. African Affairs. 2005 Oct 14;105(419):173–199.
234.
Nugent P. Africa since independence: a comparative history. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004.
235.
Decalo S. Coups and army rule in Africa: studies in military style. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1976.
236.
Torture and Unlawful Military Detention in Rwanda | HRW [Internet]. Available from: https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/10/10/we-will-force-you-confess/torture-and-unlawful-military-detention-rwanda
237.
Reid R. Caught in the headlights of history: Eritrea, the EPLF and the post-war nation-state. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 2005;43(3):467–488. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876064?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
238.
Cooper F. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. Africa since 1940: the past of the present [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=36476c20-4d92-e711-80cb-005056af4099
239.
Nugent P. Africa since independence: a comparative history. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004.
240.
Filip Reyntjens. Rwanda, ten years on: from genocide to dictatorship. African Affairs [Internet]. 2004;103(411):177–210. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518608?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
241.
Pool D. From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front. Oxford [England]: James Currey ; Athens; 2001.
242.
Brett EA. Neutralising the use of force in Uganda: the role of the military in politics. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1995;33(1):129–152. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161549?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
243.
Tronvoll K. The Ethiopian 2010 federal and regional elections: re-establishing the one-party state. African Affairs [Internet]. Oxford University Press; 2011;110(438):121–136. Available from: http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/110/438/121.full
244.
Aalen L, Tronvoll K. The end of democracy? Curtailing political and civil rights in Ethiopia. Review of African Political Economy [Internet]. 2009 June;36(120):193–207. Available from: https://brunel.rl.talis.com/items/F57DBEA9-9D58-FD8B-FB7B-E5F7DAE55FE4.html
245.
Iliffe J. Honour in African history. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
246.
Reid R. The politics of silence: interpreting stasis in contemporary Eritrea. Review of African Political Economy [Internet]. 2009 June;36(120):209–221. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03056240903065125
247.
Lemarchand R. Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in comparative perspective. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1994;32(4):581–604. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161565?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
248.
Clapham CS. Africa and the international system: the politics of state survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
249.
Negash T, Tronvoll K. Brothers at war: making sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian war. Oxford: James Currey; 2000.
250.
Gilkes P, Plaut M, Royal Institute of International Affairs. War in the Horn: the conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs; 1999.
251.
Tekle A. Eritrea and Ethiopia: from conflict to cooperation. Lawrenceville, N.J.: Red Sea; 1994.
252.
Pool D. From guerrillas to government: the Eritrean people’s liberation front. Oxford [England]: James Currey ; Athens; 2001.
253.
Markakis J. National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd; 1990.
254.
Reid RJ. Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800 [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=321550&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
255.
Tareke G. The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 revisited. The International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 2000;33(3):635–667. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3097438?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
256.
Iyob R. The Ethiopian–Eritrean conflict: diasporic vs. hegemonic states in the Horn of Africa, 1991-2000. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 2000;38(4):659–682. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161513?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
257.
Young J. The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: a history of tensions and pragmatism. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1996;34(1):105–120. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161740?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
258.
Reid R. Old problems in new conflicts: some observations on Eritrea and its relations with Tigray, from liberation struggle to inter-state war. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute [Internet]. 2003;73(3):369–401. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3556909?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
259.
Negash T, Tronvoll K. Brothers at war: making sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian war. Oxford: James Currey; 2000.
260.
Lewis IM, Lewis IM. A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. 4th ed. Oxford: James Currey; 2002.
261.
Abbink J. Briefing: the Eritrean-Ethiopian border dispute. African Affairs [Internet]. 1998;97(389):551–565. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/723345?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=the&searchText=eritrean-ethiopian&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dthe%2Beritrean-ethiopian%26amp%3Bfilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100046%26amp%3BSearch%3DSearch%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3BglobalSearch%3D%26amp%3BsbbBox%3D%26amp%3BsbjBox%3D%26amp%3BsbpBox%3D&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
262.
Clapham CS. African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press; 1998.
263.
Lewis IM, Lewis IM. A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa [Internet]. 4th ed. Oxford: James Currey; 2002. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=418c9cc6-ed92-e711-80cb-005056af4099
264.
Young J. Along Ethiopia’s western frontier: Gambella and Benishangul in transition. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1999;37(2):321–346. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161849?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
265.
Hagmann T. Beyond clannishness and colonialism: understanding political disorder in Ethiopia’s Somali region, 1991-2004. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 2005;43(4):509–536. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876317?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
266.
Schlee G. Redrawing the map of the Horn: the politics of difference. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute [Internet]. 2003;73(3):343–368. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3556908?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
267.
Prunier G. Rebel movements and proxy warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99). African Affairs [Internet]. 2004;103(412):359–383. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518562?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
268.
Whittaker H. Insurgency and counterinsurgency in Kenya: a social history of the Shifta Conflict, c. 1963-1968, volume 34. Leiden: Brill; 2014.
269.
Whittaker H. Legacies of Empire: State Violence and Collective Punishment in Kenya’s North Eastern Province,                              . 1963­–Present. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 2015 Aug 8;43(4):641–657.
270.
Gilkes P, Plaut M, Royal Institute of International Affairs. War in the Horn: the conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs; 1999.
271.
Reid RJ. Frontiers of violence in north-east Africa: genealogies of conflict since c.1800 [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=321550&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
272.
Clapham CS. African guerrillas. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press; 1998.
273.
Markakis J. National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd; 1990.
274.
Clapham CS. Africa and the international system: the politics of state survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
275.
Chabal P, Daloz JP. Africa works: disorder as political instrument. [London]: International African Institute in association with James Currey, Oxford; 1999.
276.
Fukui K, Markakis J. Ethnicity & conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: James Currey; 1994.
277.
The Coming Anarchy - The Atlantic [Internet]. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1994/02/the-coming-anarchy/304670/
278.
Lewis IM, Lewis IM. A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa. 4th ed. Oxford: James Currey; 2002.
279.
Hammond L. Somalia rising: things are starting to change for the world’s longest failed state. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2013 Feb;7(1):183–193.
280.
Menkhaus K. Governance without government in Somalia spoilers, state building, and the politics of coping. International Security [Internet]. 2007;31(3):74–106. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4137508?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
281.
Marchal R. Warlordism and terrorism: how to obscure an already confusing crisis? The case of Somalia. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) [Internet]. 2007;83(6):1091–1106. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4541912?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
282.
Seay L. Understanding Somali piracy. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 2013 Mar;51(01):169–175. Available from: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8843315&fileId=S0022278X13000050
283.
Menkhaus K. The crisis in Somalia: tragedy in five acts. African Affairs [Internet]. 2007;106(424):357–390. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4496459?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
284.
Lindley A. Between ‘dirty money’ and development capital’: Somali money transfer infrastructure under global scrutiny. African Affairs [Internet]. Oxford University Press; 2009;108(433):519–539. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40388418
285.
Le Sage A. Somalia: sovereign disguise for a Mogadishu mafia. Review of African Political Economy [Internet]. 2002;29(91):132–138. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4006869?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=le&searchText=sage&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dle%2Bsage%26amp%3Bfilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj101241%26amp%3BSearch%3DSearch%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3BglobalSearch%3D%26amp%3BsbbBox%3D%26amp%3BsbjBox%3D%26amp%3BsbpBox%3D&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
286.
Barnes C, Hassan H. The rise and fall of Mogadishu’s Islamic courts. Journal of Eastern African Studies [Internet]. 2007 July;1(2):151–160. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17531050701452382
287.
Hagmann T. Beyond clannishness and colonialism: understanding political disorder in Ethiopia’s Somali region, 1991-2004. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 2005;43(4):509–536. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3876317?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
288.
Bakonyi J. Moral economies of mass violence: Somalia 1988–1991. Civil Wars [Internet]. 2009 Dec;11(4):434–454. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13698240903403790
289.
Le Sage A. Prospects for Al Itihad & Islamist radicalism in Somalia. Review of African Political Economy [Internet]. 2001;28(89):472–477. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4006625?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
290.
Hagmann T. Review: from state collapse to duty-free shop: Somalia’s path to modernity. African Affairs [Internet]. 2005;104(416):525–535. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518728?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
291.
Besteman C. Violent politics and the politics of violence: the dissolution of the Somali nation-state. American Ethnologist [Internet]. 1996;23(3):579–596. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/646353?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
292.
Hansen SJ. Al-Shabaab in Somalia: the history and ideology of a militant Islamist group, 2005-2012 [Internet]. London: Hurst & Company; 2013. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=557262&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
293.
Bradbury M. Becoming Somaliland. London: James Currey; 2008.
294.
Harper M, International African Institute, Royal African Society, Economic and Social Research Council (Great Britain). Getting Somalia wrong?: faith, war and hope in a shattered state [Internet]. London: Zed; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=351998&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity
295.
I. M. Lewis. Doing Violence to Ethnography: A Response to Catherine Besteman’s ‘Representing Violence and “Othering” Somalia’. Cultural Anthropology [Internet]. Wiley; 1998;13(1):100–108. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/656690?pq-origsite=summon
296.
Abdi Ismail Samatar. Destruction of State and Society in Somalia: Beyond the Tribal Convention. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. Cambridge University Press; 1992;30(4):625–641. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161268?pq-origsite=summon
297.
Catherine Besteman. Representing Violence and ‘Othering’ Somalia. Cultural Anthropology [Internet]. Wiley; 1996;11(1):120–133. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/656211
298.
Kapteijns L. Gender Relations and the Transformation of the Northern Somali Pastoral Tradition. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 1995;28(2).