1.
Sideways Dictionary. https://sidewaysdictionary.com/#/
2.
boyd danah. It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. Yale University Press; 2014.
3.
Naughton J. Everything you need to know about the internet | Technology | The Observer.
4.
Ian Sample. What is the internet? 13 key questions answered. Guardian. Published online 22 October 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/oct/22/what-is-the-internet-13-key-questions-answered
5.
Paul A. What is Web 2.0? Ideas, technologies and implications for education. Published 2007. http://gator.ndm.edu/~kyoon/Web%202.0/tsw0701b.pdf
6.
History Of The Internet. Published online 2009. https://youtu.be/7NpczzIsnLU
7.
o’Reily T. What Is Web 2.0 - O’Reilly Media. Published 2005. http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a//web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html
8.
Galloway AR. Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization. MIT; 2004. http://bit.ly/2CY968K
9.
Rheingold H. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Rev. ed. MIT Press; 2000. http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/
10.
The Machine is Us/ing Us (Final Version) - YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLlGopyXT_g&feature=youtu.be
11.
Tim O. What Is Web 2.0? Published 2005. http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a//web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html
12.
Tim BL. Frequently asked questions (The Internet & Web). https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html#InternetWeb
13.
Wark M. A Hacker Manifesto [Version 4.0].
14.
Ellison N, boyd danah. Sociality through Social Network Sites. In: The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies. Oxford University Press; 2013. https://www.google.se/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiIvo-xksHYAhXF2KQKHc-cC4wQFggsMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danah.org%2Fpapers%2F2013%2FSocialityThruSNS-preprint.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3MM_hJLbR8SpZs024qXXOb
15.
Obar JA, Wildman S. Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue. Telecommunications Policy. 2015;39(9):745-750. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2015.07.014
16.
boyd danah m., Ellison NB. Social Network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2007;13(1):210-230. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
17.
Ellison NB, Steinfield C, Lampe C. The Benefits of Facebook "Friends:” Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2007;12(4):1143-1168. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
18.
Livingstone S. Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society. 2008;10(3):393-411. doi:10.1177/1461444808089415
19.
Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons. 2010;53(1):59-68. http://michaelhaenlein.eu/Publications/Kaplan,%20Andreas%20-%20Users%20of%20the%20world,%20unite.pdf
20.
Benkler Y. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press; 2006. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=3419996
21.
Erikson T. Social Computing - The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction.; 2007. https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed
22.
Granovetter MS. The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology. 1973;78(6):1360-1380. doi:10.1086/225469
23.
Barabási AL. Scale-Free Networks: A Decade and Beyond. Science. 2009;325(5939):412-413. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.461.9320&rep=rep1&type=pdf
24.
van Dijck J. Facebook and the engineering of connectivity. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 2013;19(2):141-155. doi:10.1177/1354856512457548
25.
Nancy K. Baym. Personal Connections in the Digital Age. In: ; 2015. http://bit.ly/2lWY8ck
26.
Dijck J van. The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media. Oxford University Press; 2013.
27.
Gillespie T. The politics of ‘platforms’. New Media & Society. 2010;12(3):347-364. doi:10.1177/1461444809342738
28.
Burkeman O. Forty years of the internet: how the world changed for ever | Technology | The Guardian.
29.
Gauntlett D. David Gauntlett: Making is Connecting, January 2010 - YouTube. Published online 2010.
30.
Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons. 2010;53(1):59-68. http://michaelhaenlein.eu/Publications/Kaplan,%20Andreas%20-%20Users%20of%20the%20world,%20unite.pdf
31.
Schmidt E. Every 2 Days We Create As Much Information As We Did Up To 2003. Published 2010. https://techcrunch.com/2010/08/04/schmidt-data/
32.
Lisa Lebduska. Emoji, Emoji, What for Art Thou? Harlot: A Revealing Look at the Arts of Persuasion. 2014;1(12). http://harlotofthearts.org/index.php/harlot/article/view/186/157
33.
boyd danah, Crawford K. Six Provocations for Big Data. Published online 21 September 2011.
34.
Marwick A, boyd danah. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society. 2010;13(1):114-133. doi:10.1177/1461444810365313
35.
Helmond A, Bucher T. The Affordances of Social Media Platforms. In: ; 2015. http://www.annehelmond.nl/2016/08/01/the-affordances-of-social-media-platforms/
36.
Gillespie T. The Relevance of Algorithms. In: Media Technologies. ; 2014. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6733906
37.
Theresa M. Senft. Selfies Introduction ~ What Does the Selfie Say? Investigating a Global Phenomenon. International Journal of Communication. 2015;9. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/4067/1387
38.
Khamis S, Ang L, Welling R. Self-branding, ‘micro-celebrity’ and the rise of Social Media Influencers. Celebrity Studies. 2017;8(2):191-208. doi:10.1080/19392397.2016.1218292
39.
Anne Jerslev. Media Times| In The Time of the Microcelebrity: Celebrification and the YouTuber Zoella. International Journal of Communication. 2016;10. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5078
40.
Burns A. Selfies self(ie)-discipline: social regulation as enacted through the discussion of photographic practice. International Journal of Communication. 2015;9. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3138
41.
Papacharissi Z. A Networked Self: Identity, Community and Culture on Social Network Sites. Routledge; 2011.
42.
Marwick AE. Instafame: Luxury Selfies in the Attention Economy. Public Culture. 2015;27(1 75):137-160. doi:10.1215/08992363-2798379
43.
Murray DC. Notes to self: the visual culture of selfies in the age of social media. Consumption Markets & Culture. 2015;18(6):490-516. doi:10.1080/10253866.2015.1052967
44.
Rettberg JW. ‘Freshly Generated for You, and Barack Obama’. European Journal of Communication. 2009;24(4):451-466. doi:10.1177/0267323109345715
45.
Zhao S, Grasmuck S, Martin J. Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior. 2008;24(5):1816-1836. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012
46.
Tiidenberg K. Bringing sexy back: Reclaiming the body aesthetic via self-shooting. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. 2014;8(1). https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4295/3342
47.
Senft TM. Microcelebrity and the Branded Self. In: Hartley J, Burgess J, Bruns A, eds. A Companion to New Media Dynamics. Wiley-Blackwell; 2013:346-354. doi:10.1002/9781118321607.ch22
48.
Wellman B. Little Boxes, Glocalization, and Networked Individualism. In: Tanabe M, van den Besselaar P, Ishida T, eds. Digital Cities II: Computational and Sociological Approaches. Vol 2362. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2002:10-25. doi:10.1007/3-540-45636-8_2
49.
Abidin C. "Aren’t These Just Young, Rich Women Doing Vain Things Online?”: Influencer Selfies as Subversive Frivolity. Social Media + Society. 2016;2(2). doi:10.1177/2056305116641342
50.
Chung S, Cho H. Fostering Parasocial Relationships with Celebrities on Social Media: Implications for Celebrity Endorsement. Psychology & Marketing. 2017;34(4):481-495. doi:10.1002/mar.21001
51.
Christine M. Kowalczyk ; Kathrynn R. Pounders. Transforming celebrities through social media: the role of authenticity and emotional attachment. Journal of Product & Brand Management. 2016;25(4). http://www.emeraldinsight.com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1108/JPBM-09-2015-0969
52.
Börzsei LK. Makes a Meme Instead: A Concise History of Internet Memes. Published online 2013. https://works.bepress.com/linda_borzsei/2/
53.
Burgess J. All Your Chocolate Rain Are Belong to Us?’ Viral Video, YouTube and the Dynamics of Participatory Culture. In: Video Vortex Reader Responses to YouTube. Institute of Network Cultures; 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/18431/1/18431.pdf
54.
Jurvetson S. What exactly is viral marketing. Published online 2000. http://sites.google.com/site/kehowells/viral-marketing.pdf
55.
Provencher Langlois, Marion. Making Sense of ‘Memes’: Where They Came From and Why We Keep Clicking Them. Inquiries Journal. 6(03). http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/879/making-sense-of-memes-where-they-came-from-and-why-we-keep-clicking-them
56.
Leon S. I Can Haz an Internet Aesthetic?!? LOLCats and the Digital Marketplace.; 2012. http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1094&context=nepca
57.
Shifman L. Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2013;18(3):362-377. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12013
58.
Shifman L. Memes versus virals. In: Memes in Digital Culture. MIT; 2013. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6658668
59.
Knobel, M. & Lankshear, C. Online memes, affinities, and cultural production. In: A New Literacies Sampler. Peter Lang; 2007:199-227. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283968435_Online_memes_affinities_and_cultural_production
60.
Nooney L, Portwood-Stacer L. One Does Not Simply: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Internet Memes. Journal of Visual Culture. 2014;13(3):248-252. doi:10.1177/1470412914551351
61.
Rodley C. When Memes Go to War: Viral Propaganda in the 2014 Gaza-Israel Conflict. The Fibreculture Journal. 2016;(Issue 27: Networked War/Conflict). http://twentyseven.fibreculturejournal.org/2016/03/18/fcj-200-when-memes-go-to-war-viral-propaganda-in-the-2014-gaza-israel-conflict/
62.
Kligler-Vilenchik N, Thorson K. Good citizenship as a frame contest: Kony2012, memes, and critiques of the networked citizen. New Media & Society. 2016;18(9):1993-2011. doi:10.1177/1461444815575311
63.
Zittrain J. Reflections on Internet Culture. Journal of Visual Culture. 2014;13(3):388-394. doi:10.1177/1470412914544540
64.
Xu C. A Field Guide to China’s Most Indispensible Meme - Motherboard. Published 2016. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/bmvd74/china-meme-face-a-biaoqing-field-guide
65.
Jenkins H. If It Doesn’t Spread, It’s Dead (Part One): Media Viruses and Memes — Henry Jenkins. Published 2009. http://henryjenkins.org/2009/02/if_it_doesnt_spread_its_dead_p.html
66.
Mina AX. A Tale of Two Memes: The Powerful Connection Between Trayvon Martin and Chen Guangcheng - The Atlantic. Published 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/a-tale-of-two-memes-the-powerful-connection-between-trayvon-martin-and-chen-guangcheng/259604/
67.
Milner R. Hacking the Social: Internet Memes, Identity Antagonism, and the Logic of Lulz. The Fibreculture Journal. Published online 2013. http://twentytwo.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-156-hacking-the-social-internet-memes-identity-antagonism-and-the-logic-of-lulz/
68.
Seth Godin, Malcolm Gladwell. Unleashing the Ideavirus. Do You Zoom https://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/files/2000Ideavirus.pdf
69.
Scacco JM, Muddiman A. Investigating the Influence of ‘Clickbait’ News Headlines. Published online 2016. http://mediaengagement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ENP-Investigating-the-Influence-of-Clickbait-News-Headlines.pdf
70.
Lamerichs N. Elite male bodies: The circulation of alt-Right memes and the framing of politicians on Social Media. Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception studies. 2018;14(1). http://www.participations.org/Volume%2015/Issue%201/11.pdf
71.
Milner RM. The World Made Meme: Public Conversations and Participatory Media. The MIT Press; 2018.
72.
Przybylski A, Orben A. Why it’s too soon to classify gaming addiction as a mental disorder. Published 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2018/feb/14/gaming-addiction-as-a-mental-disorder-its-premature-to-pathologise-players
73.
Harris T. How Technology Hijacks People’s Minds. Published 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tristan-harris/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds_b_10155754.html
74.
Becker R. Why calling screen time ‘digital heroin’ is digital garbage. Published 2016. https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/30/12715848/new-york-post-internet-texting-addiction-irresponsible-hysteria
75.
Ferguson C. Technology is Not a Drug: Debunking the Biggest Myths About ‘Technology Addiction’. Published 29AD. https://undark.org/article/technology-addiction-myths/
76.
Kardaras N. It’s ‘digital heroin’: How screens turn kids into psychotic junkies | New York Post. Published 2016. https://nypost.com/2016/08/27/its-digital-heroin-how-screens-turn-kids-into-psychotic-junkies/
77.
Paasonen S. Fickle focus: Distraction, affect and the production of value in social media. First Monday. 2016;21(10). http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/6949/5629
78.
Turkle S. The Inner History of Devices. The MIT Press https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/book/6267443?bknumber=6267443
79.
Shakya H, Christakis N. Association of Facebook Use With Compromised Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. Published online 16 January 2017. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/185/3/203/2915143
80.
Dredge S. Mobile phone addiction? It’s time to take back control | Technology | The Guardian. Published 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/27/mobile-phone-addiction-apps-break-the-habit-take-back-control?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Add_to_Evernote
81.
Gilroy-Ware M. Laughing and crying online. Published 2018. https://newint.org/features/2018/01/01/social-media-mental-health
82.
Bosker B. Addicted to Your iPhone? You’re Not Alone. Published 2016. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/11/the-binge-breaker/501122/
83.
Hearn A. ‘Never get high on your own supply’ – why social media bosses don’t use social media. Published 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jan/23/never-get-high-on-your-own-supply-why-social-media-bosses-dont-use-social-media?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Add_to_Evernote
84.
Read J. Distracted by Attention. Published 2014. https://thenewinquiry.com/distracted-by-attention/
85.
Tania B. A Technicity of Attention: How Software ‘Makes Sense’. Culture Machine. 2012;13. http://culturemachine.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/470-993-1-PB.pdf
86.
Andrejevic M. Infoglut: How Too Much Information Is Changing the Way We Think and Know. Routledge; 2013. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b1MXhS71t40C&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=%E2%80%9CIntroduction:+Infoglut+and+Clutter-Cutting&source=bl&ots=u8CSqBsFAM&sig=4GdaO4yV-jTbVYmAFyPT1xvW4GE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1-4OqxLzZAhUNb1AKHTHeAJ8Q6AEIUTAI#v=onepage&q&f=false
87.
Lewis P. ‘Our minds can be hijacked’: the tech insiders who fear a smartphone dystopia. Published 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia
88.
Ganesh M. The Center for Humane Technology Doesn’t Want Your Attention. Published 2018. https://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/2018/02/09/the-center-for-humane-technology-doesnt-want-your-attention/
89.
MacKay J. Why you’re not "addicted” to technology (and it’s dangerous to say so): An interview with behavioral designer Nir Eyal. Published 2018. https://blog.rescuetime.com/nir-eyal-digital-distraction/
90.
Simon P. Has dopamine got us hooked on tech? Published 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/04/has-dopamine-got-us-hooked-on-tech-facebook-apps-addiction
91.
Oscar Schwartz. Why beating your phone addiction may come at a cost. Guardian. Published online 13 March 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/mar/13/digital-wellness-phone-addiction-tech
92.
Senior J. Review: ‘The Attention Merchants’ Dissects the Battle for Clicks and Eyeballs. Published 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/03/books/review-attention-merchants-tim-wu.html
93.
Mark Andrejevic, Gates K. Big Data Surveillance: Introduction. Surveillance & Society. 2014;12(2):185-196. https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/bds_ed
94.
boyd danah. Debating Privacy in a Networked World for the WSJ. Published online 2011. http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2011/11/20/debating-privacy-in-a-networked-world-for-the-wsj.html
95.
Angwin J. How Much Should People Worry About the Loss of Online Privacy? Published online 2011. http://bit.ly/2FygFVv
96.
Shoshana Zuboff. Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization. 2015;30 (1):75-89. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=49122
97.
Nick Couldry. The price of connection: ‘surveillance capitalism’. The Conversation. Published online 2016. https://theconversation.com/the-price-of-connection-surveillance-capitalism-64124
98.
Christl, Wolfie. Corporate Surveillance In Everyday Life. How Companies Collect, Combine, Analyze, Trade, and Use Personal Data on Billions. Published online 2017. http://crackedlabs.org/en/corporate-surveillance
99.
Anders Albrechtslund. Online social networking as participatory surveillance. First Monday. 2008;13(3). http://firstmonday.org/article/view/2142/1949
100.
Andrejevic M. The work of being watched: interactive media and the exploitation of self-disclosure. Critical Studies in Media Communication. 2002;19(2):230-248. doi:10.1080/07393180216561
101.
boyd danah boyd, Hargattai E. Facebook privacy settings: Who cares? First Monday. 2010;15(8). http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3086/2589
102.
boyd danah, Marwick A. Social Privacy in Networked Publics: Teens’ Attitudes, Practices, and Strategies. Published online 2011. http://www.danah.org/papers/2011/SocialPrivacyPLSC-Draft.pdf
103.
Goldcare B. Datamining for terrorists would be lovely if it worked – Bad Science. Published 2009. http://www.badscience.net/2009/02/datamining-would-be-lovely-if-it-worked/
104.
Solove, Daniel J. ‘I’ve Got Nothing to Hide’ and Other Misunderstandings of Privacy. 2007;44. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=998565
105.
David Lyon. Surveillance Studies: understanding visibility, mobility and the phenetic fix. Surveillance & Society. 2002;1(1):1-7.
106.
Sharma S, Nijjar J. The racialized surveillant assemblage: Islam and the fear of terrorism. 2018;16 (1):72-85. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15405702.2017.1412441
107.
Naughton J. Why we are resigned to giving our data to corporate spies | Opinion | The Guardian. Published 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/28/why-we-give-our-data-to-corporate-spies-surveillance
108.
van Dijck J. Datafication, dataism and dataveillance by prof. José van Dijck - YouTube. Published online 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOt2-HRWaYU
109.
Mineo L. When it comes to internet privacy, be very afraid, analyst suggests – Harvard Gazette. Published 2017. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/08/when-it-comes-to-internet-privacy-be-very-afraid-analyst-suggests/
110.
Hargittai EH, Marwick A. "What Can I Really Do?” Explaining the Privacy Paradox with Online Apathy. International Journal of Communication. 2016;10. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4655
111.
Shepherd T, Harvey A, Jordan T, Srauy S, Miltner K. Histories of Hating. Social Media + Society. 2015;1(2). doi:10.1177/2056305115603997
112.
Daniels J. Race and racism in Internet Studies: A review and critique. New Media & Society. 2013;15(5):695-719. doi:10.1177/1461444812462849
113.
Gagliardone I. Countering online hate speech. Published online 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284157227_Countering_Online_Hate_Speech_-_UNESCO
114.
Sharma S, Brooker P, Sanjay S, Sanjay S. #notracist: In: Daniels J, Gregory K, Cottom TM, eds. Digital Sociologies. Bristol University Press; 2016:463-486. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1t89cfr.35
115.
Sanjay S. Black Twitter? Racial Hashtags, Networks and Contagion | Lawrence & Wishart. 2013;78:46-64. https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/new-formations/78/black-twitter-racial-hashtags-networks-and-contagion
116.
Schonfield E. Jump Into The Stream | TechCrunch. Published 2009. https://techcrunch.com/2009/05/17/jump-into-the-stream/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly9kdWNrZHVja2dvLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_cs=BPGTQYORhpfpvVzNGFJPpQ
117.
Marche S. There Are No Saints Online - Stephen Marche on Internet Hate. Published 2013. https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a22310/no-saints-online-0513/
118.
Safiya Umoja Noble. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism - Safiya Umoja Noble - Google Books. NYU Press, 2018 https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Algorithms_of_Oppression.html?id=g8OSDgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
119.
Nakamura L. Glitch Racism: Networks as Actors within Vernacular Internet Theory. http://culturedigitally.org/2013/12/glitch-racism-networks-as-actors-within-vernacular-internet-theory/
120.
Murthy D, Sharma S. Visualizing YouTube’s comment space: online hostility as a networked phenomena. New Media & Society. 2019;21(1):191-213. doi:10.1177/1461444818792393
121.
Stephen Marche. Swallowing the Red Pill: a journey to the heart of modern misogyny. Guardian. Published online 14 April 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/14/the-red-pill-reddit-modern-misogyny-manosphere-men
122.
Demos. Anti-social media: 10,000 racial slurs a day on Twitter. Published online 2014. https://www.demos.co.uk/files/DEMOS_Anti-social_Media.pdf?1391774638
123.
Jeong S. The Internet of Garbage. The Verge; 2018. https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/28/17777330/internet-of-garbage-book-sarah-jeong-online-harassment
124.
Brandwatch and KickItOut Expose Online Football Abuse. Published 2015. https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/brandwatch-and-kickitout-team-up-to-expose-online-football-abuse/
125.
Lisa Nakamura, Chow-White P. Race after the Internet. Routledge; 2011.
126.
Online Harassment: What Americans Consider Crossing the Line. http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/01/04/crossing-the-line-what-counts-as-online-harassment/
127.
Massanari A. #Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit’s algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures. New Media & Society. 2017;19(3):329-346. doi:10.1177/1461444815608807
128.
Zeynap T. Mark Zuckerberg Is in Denial. Published 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/opinion/mark-zuckerberg-is-in-denial.html?rref=collection%2Fcolumn%2Fzeynep-tufekci&action=click&contentCollection=opinion&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=8&pgtype=collection
129.
Mihailidis P, Viotty S. Spreadable Spectacle in Digital Culture: Civic Expression, Fake News, and the Role of Media Literacies in "Post-Fact” Society. American Behavioral Scientist. 2017;61(4):441-454. doi:10.1177/0002764217701217
130.
Berghel H. Lies, Damn Lies, and Fake News. Computer. 2017;50(2):80-85. doi:10.1109/MC.2017.56
131.
Tandoc EC, Lim ZW, Ling R. Defining "Fake News”. Digital Journalism. 2018;6(2):137-153. doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
132.
Maheshwari S. How Fake News Goes Viral: A Case Study. Published 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/business/media/how-fake-news-spreads.html
133.
Jeong S. The Internet of Garbage. The Verge; 2018. https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/28/17777330/internet-of-garbage-book-sarah-jeong-online-harassment
134.
New America. LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media - YouTube. Published online 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5F5Wi1exhI&feature=youtu.be
135.
danah boyd. re:publica 2018 – danah boyd: Opening Keynote: How an Algorithmic World Can Be Undermined - YouTube. Published online 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTl0yyPqf3E
136.
Read M. How Much of the Internet Is Fake? Published 2018. http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/how-much-of-the-internet-is-fake.html
137.
Szalai J. Why Fighting Fake News With the Facts Might Not Be Enough - The New York Times. Published 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/books/review-misinformation-age-cailin-oconnor-james-owen-weatherall-down-to-earth-bruno-latour.html
138.
Xiao Mina A. Learning the Politics of ‘Digital Dissensus’. Published 2018. https://civichall.org/civicist/learning-the-politics-of-digital-dissensus/
139.
Phillips W. Our information systems aren’t broken — they’re working as intended. Published 2018. http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/12/our-information-systems-arent-broken-theyre-working-as-intended/
140.
Marwick A, Lewis R. Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online. Published online 2017. https://datasociety.net/output/media-manipulation-and-disinfo-online/
141.
Lazer DMJ, Baum MA, Benkler Y, et al. The science of fake news. Science. 2018;359(6380):1094-1096. doi:10.1126/science.aao2998
142.
Newman, Nic. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2017. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3026082
143.
Kucharski A. Study epidemiology of fake news | Nature. Published online 2016. https://www.nature.com/articles/540525a
144.
How is Fake News Spread? Bots, People like You, Trolls, and Microtargeting | Center for Information Technology and Society - UC Santa Barbara. http://www.cits.ucsb.edu/fake-news/spread
145.
Bakir V, McStay A. Fake News and The Economy of Emotions. Digital Journalism. 2018;6(2):154-175. doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645
