1.
Sideways Dictionary [Internet]. Available from: https://sidewaysdictionary.com/#/
2.
boyd danah. It’s complicated: the social lives of networked teens. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2014.
3.
Naughton J. Everything you need to know about the internet | Technology | The Observer. 2010.
4.
Ian Sample. What is the internet? 13 key questions answered. Guardian [Internet]. 2018 Oct 22; Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/oct/22/what-is-the-internet-13-key-questions-answered
5.
Paul A. What is Web 2.0? Ideas, technologies and implications for education [Internet]. 2007. Available from: http://gator.ndm.edu/~kyoon/Web%202.0/tsw0701b.pdf
6.
History Of The Internet [Internet]. 2009. Available from: https://youtu.be/7NpczzIsnLU
7.
o’Reily T. What Is Web 2.0 - O’Reilly Media [Internet]. 2005. Available from: http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a//web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html
8.
Galloway AR. Protocol: how control exists after decentralization [Internet]. Cambridge, Mass: MIT; 2004. Available from: http://bit.ly/2CY968K
9.
Rheingold H. The virtual community: homesteading on the electronic frontier [Internet]. Rev. ed. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press; 2000. Available from: http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/
10.
The Machine is Us/ing Us (Final Version) - YouTube [Internet]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLlGopyXT_g&feature=youtu.be
11.
Tim O. What Is Web 2.0? [Internet]. O’Reilly Media; 2005. Available from: http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a//web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html
12.
Tim BL. Frequently asked questions (The Internet & Web) [Internet]. Available from: https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html#InternetWeb
13.
Wark M. A Hacker Manifesto [Version 4.0].
14.
Ellison N, boyd danah. Sociality through Social Network Sites. The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013. Available from: https://www.google.se/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiIvo-xksHYAhXF2KQKHc-cC4wQFggsMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danah.org%2Fpapers%2F2013%2FSocialityThruSNS-preprint.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3MM_hJLbR8SpZs024qXXOb
15.
Obar JA, Wildman S. Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue. Telecommunications Policy. 2015 Oct;39(9):745–750.
16.
boyd danah m., Ellison NB. Social Network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2007 Oct;13(1):210–230.
17.
Ellison NB, Steinfield C, Lampe C. The Benefits of Facebook "Friends:” Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2007 Jul;12(4):1143–1168.
18.
Livingstone S. Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society. 2008 Jun 1;10(3):393–411.
19.
Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons [Internet]. 2010 Jan;53(1):59–68. Available from: http://michaelhaenlein.eu/Publications/Kaplan,%20Andreas%20-%20Users%20of%20the%20world,%20unite.pdf
20.
Benkler Y. The wealth of networks: how social production transforms markets and freedom [Internet]. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press; 2006. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=3419996
21.
Erikson T. Social Computing - The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction [Internet]. 2007. Available from: https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed
22.
Granovetter MS. The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology. The University of Chicago Press; 1973;78(6):1360–1380.
23.
Barabási AL. Scale-Free Networks: A Decade and Beyond. Science [Internet]. 2009 Jul 24;325(5939):412–413. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.461.9320&rep=rep1&type=pdf
24.
van Dijck J. Facebook and the engineering of connectivity. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 2013 May;19(2):141–155.
25.
Nancy K. Baym. Personal Connections in the Digital Age. 2015. Available from: http://bit.ly/2lWY8ck
26.
Dijck J van. The culture of connectivity: a critical history of social media. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.
27.
Gillespie T. The politics of ‘platforms’. New Media & Society. 2010 May;12(3):347–364.
28.
Burkeman O. Forty years of the internet: how the world changed for ever | Technology | The Guardian. 2009.
29.
Gauntlett D. David Gauntlett: Making is Connecting, January 2010 - YouTube. 2010.
30.
Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons [Internet]. 2010 Jan;53(1):59–68. Available from: http://michaelhaenlein.eu/Publications/Kaplan,%20Andreas%20-%20Users%20of%20the%20world,%20unite.pdf
31.
Schmidt E. Every 2 Days We Create As Much Information As We Did Up To 2003 [Internet]. Techcrumch; 2010. Available from: https://techcrunch.com/2010/08/04/schmidt-data/
32.
Lisa Lebduska. Emoji, Emoji, What for Art Thou? Harlot: A Revealing Look at the Arts of Persuasion [Internet]. 2014;1(12). Available from: http://harlotofthearts.org/index.php/harlot/article/view/186/157
33.
boyd danah, Crawford K. Six Provocations for Big Data. A Decade in Internet Time: Symposium on the Dynamics of the Internet and Society - Oxford Internet Institute; 2011 Sep 21;
34.
Marwick A, boyd danah. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society. 2010 Jul 7;13(1):114–133.
35.
Helmond A, Bucher T. The Affordances of Social Media Platforms. 2015. Available from: http://www.annehelmond.nl/2016/08/01/the-affordances-of-social-media-platforms/
36.
Gillespie T. The Relevance of Algorithms. Media Technologies [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6733906
37.
Theresa M. Senft. Selfies Introduction ~ What Does the Selfie Say? Investigating a Global Phenomenon. International Journal of Communication [Internet]. 2015;9. Available from: http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/4067/1387
38.
Khamis S, Ang L, Welling R. Self-branding, ‘micro-celebrity’ and the rise of Social Media Influencers. Celebrity Studies. 2017 Apr 3;8(2):191–208.
39.
Anne Jerslev. Media Times| In The Time of the Microcelebrity: Celebrification and the YouTuber Zoella. International Journal of Communication [Internet]. 2016;10. Available from: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5078
40.
Burns A. Selfies self(ie)-discipline: social regulation as enacted through the discussion of photographic practice. International Journal of Communication [Internet]. 2015;9. Available from: http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3138
41.
Papacharissi Z. A networked self: identity, community and culture on social network sites. New York: Routledge; 2011.
42.
Marwick AE. Instafame: Luxury Selfies in the Attention Economy. Public Culture [Internet]. 2015;27(1 75):137–160. Available from: https://read.dukeupress.edu/public-culture/article/27/1%20(75)/137-160/31071
43.
Murray DC. Notes to self: the visual culture of selfies in the age of social media. Consumption Markets & Culture. 2015 Nov 2;18(6):490–516.
44.
Rettberg JW. ‘Freshly Generated for You, and Barack Obama’. European Journal of Communication. 2009 Dec;24(4):451–466.
45.
Zhao S, Grasmuck S, Martin J. Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior [Internet]. 2008 Sep;24(5):1816–1836. Available from: http://astro.temple.edu/~bzhao001/Identity%20Construction%20on%20Facebook.pdf
46.
Tiidenberg K. Bringing sexy back: Reclaiming the body aesthetic via self-shooting. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace [Internet]. 2014;8(1). Available from: https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4295/3342
47.
Senft TM. Microcelebrity and the Branded Self. In: Hartley J, Burgess J, Bruns A, editors. A Companion to New Media Dynamics [Internet]. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013. p. 346–354. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/3775110/Micro-celebrity_and_the_Branded_Self
48.
Wellman B. Little Boxes, Glocalization, and Networked Individualism. In: Tanabe M, van den Besselaar P, Ishida T, editors. Digital Cities II: Computational and Sociological Approaches [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2002. p. 10–25. Available from: http://calchong.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/LittleBoxes.pdf
49.
Abidin C. "Aren’t These Just Young, Rich Women Doing Vain Things Online?”: Influencer Selfies as Subversive Frivolity. Social Media + Society. 2016 Apr;2(2).
50.
Chung S, Cho H. Fostering Parasocial Relationships with Celebrities on Social Media: Implications for Celebrity Endorsement. Psychology & Marketing. 2017 Apr;34(4):481–495.
51.
Christine M. Kowalczyk ; Kathrynn R. Pounders. Transforming celebrities through social media: the role of authenticity and emotional attachment. Journal of Product & Brand Management [Internet]. Emerald Group Publishing LimitedEmerald Group Publishing LimitedCQ ResearcherUniversity of MichiganBasic BooksUniversity of Rochester PressAldine TransactionPrentice HallSage PublicationsSpringer-Verlag; 2016;25(4). Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1108/JPBM-09-2015-0969
52.
Börzsei LK. Makes a Meme Instead: A Concise History of Internet Memes. New Media Studies Magazine; 2013; Available from: https://works.bepress.com/linda_borzsei/2/
53.
Burgess J. All Your Chocolate Rain Are Belong to Us?’ Viral Video, YouTube and the Dynamics of Participatory Culture. Video Vortex reader responses to YouTube [Internet]. Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures; 2008. Available from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/18431/1/18431.pdf
54.
Jurvetson S. What exactly is viral marketing. Red Herring; 2000; Available from: http://sites.google.com/site/kehowells/viral-marketing.pdf
55.
Provencher Langlois, Marion. Making Sense of ‘Memes’: Where They Came From and Why We Keep Clicking Them. Inquiries Journal [Internet]. 6(03). Available from: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/879/making-sense-of-memes-where-they-came-from-and-why-we-keep-clicking-them
56.
Leon S. I Can Haz an Internet Aesthetic?!? LOLCats and the Digital Marketplace [Internet]. NEPCA Conference; 2012. Available from: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1094&context=nepca
57.
Shifman L. Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2013 Apr;18(3):362–377.
58.
Shifman L. Memes versus virals. Memes in Digital Culture [Internet]. MIT; 2013. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6658668
59.
Knobel, M. & Lankshear, C. Online memes, affinities, and cultural production. A New Literacies Sampler [Internet]. USA: Peter Lang; 2007. p. 199–227. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283968435_Online_memes_affinities_and_cultural_production
60.
Nooney L, Portwood-Stacer L. One Does Not Simply: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Internet Memes. Journal of Visual Culture. 2014 Dec 1;13(3):248–252.
61.
Rodley C. When Memes Go to War: Viral Propaganda in the 2014 Gaza-Israel Conflict. The Fibreculture Journal [Internet]. 2016;(Issue 27: Networked War/Conflict). Available from: http://twentyseven.fibreculturejournal.org/2016/03/18/fcj-200-when-memes-go-to-war-viral-propaganda-in-the-2014-gaza-israel-conflict/
62.
Kligler-Vilenchik N, Thorson K. Good citizenship as a frame contest: Kony2012, memes, and critiques of the networked citizen. New Media & Society. 2016 Oct 1;18(9):1993–2011.
63.
Zittrain J. Reflections on Internet Culture. Journal of Visual Culture. 2014 Dec 1;13(3):388–394.
64.
Xu C. A Field Guide to China’s Most Indispensible Meme - Motherboard [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/bmvd74/china-meme-face-a-biaoqing-field-guide
65.
Jenkins H. If It Doesn’t Spread, It’s Dead (Part One): Media Viruses and Memes — Henry Jenkins [Internet]. 2009. Available from: http://henryjenkins.org/2009/02/if_it_doesnt_spread_its_dead_p.html
66.
Mina AX. A Tale of Two Memes: The Powerful Connection Between Trayvon Martin and Chen Guangcheng - The Atlantic [Internet]. 2012. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/a-tale-of-two-memes-the-powerful-connection-between-trayvon-martin-and-chen-guangcheng/259604/
67.
Milner R. Hacking the Social: Internet Memes, Identity Antagonism, and the Logic of Lulz. The Fibreculture Journal [Internet]. 2013; Available from: http://twentytwo.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-156-hacking-the-social-internet-memes-identity-antagonism-and-the-logic-of-lulz/
68.
Seth Godin, Malcolm Gladwell. Unleashing the Ideavirus [Internet]. Do You Zoom; Available from: https://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/files/2000Ideavirus.pdf
69.
Scacco JM, Muddiman A. Investigating the Influence of ‘Clickbait’ News Headlines [Internet]. Engaging News Project Report; 2016. Available from: http://mediaengagement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ENP-Investigating-the-Influence-of-Clickbait-News-Headlines.pdf
70.
Lamerichs N. Elite male bodies: The circulation of alt-Right memes and the framing of politicians on Social Media. Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception studies [Internet]. Participations; 2018;14(1). Available from: http://www.participations.org/Volume%2015/Issue%201/11.pdf
71.
Milner RM. The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press; 2018.
72.
Przybylski A, Orben A. Why it’s too soon to classify gaming addiction as a mental disorder [Internet]. The Guardian; 2018. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2018/feb/14/gaming-addiction-as-a-mental-disorder-its-premature-to-pathologise-players
73.
Harris T. How Technology Hijacks People’s Minds [Internet]. HuffPost; 2017. Available from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tristan-harris/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds_b_10155754.html
74.
Becker R. Why calling screen time ‘digital heroin’ is digital garbage [Internet]. The Verge; 2016. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/30/12715848/new-york-post-internet-texting-addiction-irresponsible-hysteria
75.
Ferguson C. Technology is Not a Drug: Debunking the Biggest Myths About ‘Technology Addiction’ [Internet]. UNDARK: Truth, Beauty & Science; 29AD. Available from: https://undark.org/article/technology-addiction-myths/
76.
Kardaras N. It’s ‘digital heroin’: How screens turn kids into psychotic junkies | New York Post [Internet]. New York Times; 2016. Available from: https://nypost.com/2016/08/27/its-digital-heroin-how-screens-turn-kids-into-psychotic-junkies/
77.
Paasonen S. Fickle focus: Distraction, affect and the production of value in social media. First Monday [Internet]. 2016 Sep 10;21(10). Available from: http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/6949/5629
78.
Turkle S. The inner history of devices [Internet]. The MIT Press; Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/book/6267443?bknumber=6267443
79.
Shakya H, Christakis N. Association of Facebook Use With Compromised Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study. American Journal of Epidemiology [Internet]. 2017 Jan 16; Available from: https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/185/3/203/2915143
80.
Dredge S. Mobile phone addiction? It’s time to take back control | Technology | The Guardian [Internet]. The Guardian; 2018. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/27/mobile-phone-addiction-apps-break-the-habit-take-back-control?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Add_to_Evernote
81.
Gilroy-Ware M. Laughing and crying online [Internet]. New Internationalist; 2018. Available from: https://newint.org/features/2018/01/01/social-media-mental-health
82.
Bosker B. Addicted to Your iPhone? You’re Not Alone [Internet]. The Atlantic; 2016. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/11/the-binge-breaker/501122/
83.
Hearn A. ‘Never get high on your own supply’ – why social media bosses don’t use social media [Internet]. The Guardian; 2018. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jan/23/never-get-high-on-your-own-supply-why-social-media-bosses-dont-use-social-media?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Add_to_Evernote
84.
Read J. Distracted by Attention [Internet]. The New Inquiry; 2014. Available from: https://thenewinquiry.com/distracted-by-attention/
85.
Tania B. A Technicity of Attention: How Software ‘Makes Sense’. Culture Machine [Internet]. 2012;13. Available from: http://culturemachine.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/470-993-1-PB.pdf
86.
Andrejevic M. Infoglut: how too much information is changing the way we think and know [Internet]. New York: Routledge; 2013. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b1MXhS71t40C&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=%E2%80%9CIntroduction:+Infoglut+and+Clutter-Cutting&source=bl&ots=u8CSqBsFAM&sig=4GdaO4yV-jTbVYmAFyPT1xvW4GE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1-4OqxLzZAhUNb1AKHTHeAJ8Q6AEIUTAI#v=onepage&q&f=false
87.
Lewis P. ‘Our minds can be hijacked’: the tech insiders who fear a smartphone dystopia [Internet]. The Guardian; 2017. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia
88.
Ganesh M. The Center for Humane Technology Doesn’t Want Your Attention [Internet]. Cyborgology; 2018. Available from: https://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/2018/02/09/the-center-for-humane-technology-doesnt-want-your-attention/
89.
MacKay J. Why you’re not "addicted” to technology (and it’s dangerous to say so): An interview with behavioral designer Nir Eyal [Internet]. RescueTime Blog; 2018. Available from: https://blog.rescuetime.com/nir-eyal-digital-distraction/
90.
Simon P. Has dopamine got us hooked on tech? [Internet]. The Guardian; 2018. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/04/has-dopamine-got-us-hooked-on-tech-facebook-apps-addiction
91.
Oscar Schwartz. Why beating your phone addiction may come at a cost. Guardian [Internet]. 2019 Mar 13; Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/mar/13/digital-wellness-phone-addiction-tech
92.
Senior J. Review: ‘The Attention Merchants’ Dissects the Battle for Clicks and Eyeballs [Internet]. New York Times; 2016. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/03/books/review-attention-merchants-tim-wu.html
93.
Mark Andrejevic, Gates K. Big Data Surveillance: Introduction. Surveillance & Society [Internet]. 2014;12(2):185–196. Available from: https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/bds_ed
94.
boyd danah. Debating Privacy in a Networked World for the WSJ. apophenia; 2011; Available from: http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2011/11/20/debating-privacy-in-a-networked-world-for-the-wsj.html
95.
Angwin J. How Much Should People Worry About the Loss of Online Privacy? Wall Street Journal; 2011; Available from: http://bit.ly/2FygFVv
96.
Shoshana Zuboff. Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization. Journal of Information Technology; 2015;30 (1):75–89. Available from: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=49122
97.
Nick Couldry. The price of connection: ‘surveillance capitalism’. The Conversation [Internet]. 2016; Available from: https://theconversation.com/the-price-of-connection-surveillance-capitalism-64124
98.
Christl, Wolfie. Corporate Surveillance In Everyday Life. How Companies Collect, Combine, Analyze, Trade, and Use Personal Data on Billions. Cracked Labs; 2017; Available from: http://crackedlabs.org/en/corporate-surveillance
99.
Anders Albrechtslund. Online social networking as participatory surveillance. First Monday [Internet]. 2008;13(3). Available from: http://firstmonday.org/article/view/2142/1949
100.
Andrejevic M. The work of being watched: interactive media and the exploitation of self-disclosure. Critical Studies in Media Communication [Internet]. 2002 Jun;19(2):230–248. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwivtr7bg7LZAhWQfFAKHSYHD54QFggnMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csun.edu%2F~vcspc00g%2F454%2Fworkofbeingwatched-csmc.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3VhYTp9JWHyHFNCKxFdJiY
101.
boyd danah boyd, Hargattai E. Facebook privacy settings: Who cares? First Monday [Internet]. 2010;15(8). Available from: http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3086/2589
102.
boyd danah, Marwick A. Social Privacy in Networked Publics: Teens’ Attitudes, Practices, and Strategies [Internet]. 2011. Available from: http://www.danah.org/papers/2011/SocialPrivacyPLSC-Draft.pdf
103.
Goldcare B. Datamining for terrorists would be lovely if it worked – Bad Science [Internet]. 2009. Available from: http://www.badscience.net/2009/02/datamining-would-be-lovely-if-it-worked/
104.
Solove, Daniel J. ‘I’ve Got Nothing to Hide’ and Other Misunderstandings of Privacy. San Diego Law Review; 2007;44. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=998565
105.
David Lyon. Surveillance Studies: understanding visibility, mobility and the phenetic fix. Surveillance & Society. 2002;1(1):1–7.
106.
Sharma S, Nijjar J. The racialized surveillant assemblage: Islam and the fear of terrorism. Journal of Popular Communication; 2018;16 (1):72–85. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15405702.2017.1412441
107.
Naughton J. Why we are resigned to giving our data to corporate spies | Opinion | The Guardian [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/28/why-we-give-our-data-to-corporate-spies-surveillance
108.
van Dijck J. Datafication, dataism and dataveillance by prof. José van Dijck - YouTube [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOt2-HRWaYU
109.
Mineo L. When it comes to internet privacy, be very afraid, analyst suggests – Harvard Gazette [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/08/when-it-comes-to-internet-privacy-be-very-afraid-analyst-suggests/
110.
Hargittai EH, Marwick A. "What Can I Really Do?” Explaining the Privacy Paradox with Online Apathy. International Journal of Communication [Internet]. 2016;10. Available from: http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4655
111.
Shepherd T, Harvey A, Jordan T, Srauy S, Miltner K. Histories of Hating. Social Media + Society. 2015 Sep 22;1(2).
112.
Daniels J. Race and racism in Internet Studies: A review and critique. New Media & Society [Internet]. 2013 Aug;15(5):695–719. Available from: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.co.uk/&httpsredir=1&article=1289&context=hc_pubs
113.
Gagliardone I. Countering online hate speech [Internet]. Paris: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization; 2015. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284157227_Countering_Online_Hate_Speech_-_UNESCO
114.
Sharma S, Brooker P, Sanjay S, Sanjay S. #notracist: In: Daniels J, Gregory K, Cottom TM, editors. Digital sociologies [Internet]. Bristol University Press; 2016. p. 463–486. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctt1t89cfr.35
115.
Sanjay S. Black Twitter? Racial Hashtags, Networks and Contagion | Lawrence & Wishart. New Formations; 2013;78:46–64. Available from: https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/new-formations/78/black-twitter-racial-hashtags-networks-and-contagion
116.
Schonfield E. Jump Into The Stream | TechCrunch [Internet]. 2009. Available from: https://techcrunch.com/2009/05/17/jump-into-the-stream/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly9kdWNrZHVja2dvLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_cs=BPGTQYORhpfpvVzNGFJPpQ
117.
Marche S. There Are No Saints Online - Stephen Marche on Internet Hate [Internet]. Esquire; 2013. Available from: https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a22310/no-saints-online-0513/
118.
Safiya Umoja Noble. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism - Safiya Umoja Noble - Google Books [Internet]. NYU Press, 2018; Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Algorithms_of_Oppression.html?id=g8OSDgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y
119.
Nakamura L. Glitch Racism: Networks as Actors within Vernacular Internet Theory [Internet]. Culture Digitally; Available from: http://culturedigitally.org/2013/12/glitch-racism-networks-as-actors-within-vernacular-internet-theory/
120.
Murthy D, Sharma S. Visualizing YouTube’s comment space: online hostility as a networked phenomena. New Media & Society. 2019 Jan;21(1):191–213.
121.
Stephen Marche. Swallowing the Red Pill: a journey to the heart of modern misogyny. Guardian [Internet]. 2016 Apr 14; Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/14/the-red-pill-reddit-modern-misogyny-manosphere-men
122.
Demos. Anti-social media: 10,000 racial slurs a day on Twitter [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.demos.co.uk/files/DEMOS_Anti-social_Media.pdf?1391774638
123.
Jeong S. The Internet of Garbage [Internet]. The Verge; 2018. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/28/17777330/internet-of-garbage-book-sarah-jeong-online-harassment
124.
Brandwatch and KickItOut Expose Online Football Abuse [Internet]. Brandwatch; 2015. Available from: https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/brandwatch-and-kickitout-team-up-to-expose-online-football-abuse/
125.
Lisa Nakamura, Chow-White P. Race after the Internet. New York: Routledge; 2011.
126.
Online Harassment: What Americans Consider Crossing the Line [Internet]. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/01/04/crossing-the-line-what-counts-as-online-harassment/
127.
Massanari A. #Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit’s algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures. New Media & Society. 2017 Mar;19(3):329–346.
128.
Zeynap T. Mark Zuckerberg Is in Denial [Internet]. New York Times; 2016. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/opinion/mark-zuckerberg-is-in-denial.html?rref=collection%2Fcolumn%2Fzeynep-tufekci&action=click&contentCollection=opinion&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=8&pgtype=collection
129.
Mihailidis P, Viotty S. Spreadable Spectacle in Digital Culture: Civic Expression, Fake News, and the Role of Media Literacies in "Post-Fact” Society. American Behavioral Scientist. 2017 Apr;61(4):441–454.
130.
Berghel H. Lies, Damn Lies, and Fake News. Computer. 2017 Feb;50(2):80–85.
131.
Tandoc EC, Lim ZW, Ling R. Defining "Fake News”. Digital Journalism. 2018 Feb 7;6(2):137–153.
132.
Maheshwari S. How Fake News Goes Viral: A Case Study [Internet]. The New York Times; 2016. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/business/media/how-fake-news-spreads.html
133.
Jeong S. The Internet of Garbage [Internet]. The Verge; 2018. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/28/17777330/internet-of-garbage-book-sarah-jeong-online-harassment
134.
New America. LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media - YouTube [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5F5Wi1exhI&feature=youtu.be
135.
danah boyd. re:publica 2018 – danah boyd: Opening Keynote: How an Algorithmic World Can Be Undermined - YouTube [Internet]. re:publica; 2018. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTl0yyPqf3E
136.
Read M. How Much of the Internet Is Fake? [Internet]. Intelligencer; 2018. Available from: http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/how-much-of-the-internet-is-fake.html
137.
Szalai J. Why Fighting Fake News With the Facts Might Not Be Enough - The New York Times [Internet]. New York Times; 2019. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/books/review-misinformation-age-cailin-oconnor-james-owen-weatherall-down-to-earth-bruno-latour.html
138.
Xiao Mina A. Learning the Politics of ‘Digital Dissensus’ [Internet]. Civicist; 2018. Available from: https://civichall.org/civicist/learning-the-politics-of-digital-dissensus/
139.
Phillips W. Our information systems aren’t broken — they’re working as intended [Internet]. Nieman Journalism Lab; 2018. Available from: http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/12/our-information-systems-arent-broken-theyre-working-as-intended/
140.
Marwick A, Lewis R. Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online [Internet]. Data & Society; 2017. Available from: https://datasociety.net/output/media-manipulation-and-disinfo-online/
141.
Lazer DMJ, Baum MA, Benkler Y, Berinsky AJ, Greenhill KM, Menczer F, Metzger MJ, Nyhan B, Pennycook G, Rothschild D, Schudson M, Sloman SA, Sunstein CR, Thorson EA, Watts DJ, Zittrain JL. The science of fake news. Science [Internet]. 2018 Mar 9;359(6380):1094–1096. Available from: https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/mbaum/files/science_of_fake_news.pdf
142.
Newman, Nic. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2017. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3026082
143.
Kucharski A. Study epidemiology of fake news | Nature. Nature; 2016; Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/540525a
144.
How is Fake News Spread? Bots, People like You, Trolls, and Microtargeting | Center for Information Technology and Society - UC Santa Barbara [Internet]. Available from: http://www.cits.ucsb.edu/fake-news/spread
145.
Bakir V, McStay A. Fake News and The Economy of Emotions. Digital Journalism [Internet]. 2018 Feb 7;6(2):154–175. Available from: https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/files/19296816/2017_Fake_news.pdf
