Bibliography for CO2602 - Social Media and Networked Cultures BETA

1.

Sideways Dictionary [Internet]. Available from: https://sidewaysdictionary.com/#/

2.

boyd danah. It’s complicated: the social lives of networked teens. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2014.

3.

Naughton J. Everything you need to know about the internet | Technology | The Observer. 2010.

4.

Ian Sample. What is the internet? 13 key questions answered. Guardian [Internet]. 2018 Oct 22; Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/oct/22/what-is-the-internet-13-key-questions-answered

5.

Paul A. What is Web 2.0? Ideas, technologies and implications for education [Internet]. 2007. Available from: http://gator.ndm.edu/~kyoon/Web%202.0/tsw0701b.pdf

6.

History Of The Internet [Internet]. 2009. Available from: https://youtu.be/7NpczzIsnLU

7.

o’Reily T. What Is Web 2.0 - O’Reilly Media [Internet]. 2005. Available from: http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a//web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html

8.

Galloway AR. Protocol: how control exists after decentralization [Internet]. Cambridge, Mass: MIT; 2004. Available from: http://bit.ly/2CY968K

9.

Rheingold H. The virtual community: homesteading on the electronic frontier [Internet]. Rev. ed. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press; 2000. Available from: http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/

10.

The Machine is Us/ing Us (Final Version) - YouTube [Internet]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLlGopyXT_g&feature=youtu.be

11.

Tim O. What Is Web 2.0? [Internet]. O’Reilly Media; 2005. Available from: http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a//web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html

12.

Tim BL. Frequently asked questions (The Internet & Web) [Internet]. Available from: https://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html#InternetWeb

13.

Wark M. A Hacker Manifesto [Version 4.0].

14.

Ellison N, boyd danah. Sociality through Social Network Sites. In: The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013. Available from: https://www.google.se/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiIvo-xksHYAhXF2KQKHc-cC4wQFggsMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danah.org%2Fpapers%2F2013%2FSocialityThruSNS-preprint.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3MM_hJLbR8SpZs024qXXOb

15.

Obar JA, Wildman S. Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue. Telecommunications Policy. 2015 Oct;39(9):745–50.

16.

boyd danah m., Ellison NB. Social Network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2007 Oct;13(1):210–30.

17.

Ellison NB, Steinfield C, Lampe C. The Benefits of Facebook "Friends:” Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2007 Jul;12(4):1143–68.

18.

Livingstone S. Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers’ use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media & Society. 2008 Jun 1;10(3):393–411.

19.

Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons [Internet]. 2010 Jan;53(1):59–68. Available from: http://michaelhaenlein.eu/Publications/Kaplan,%20Andreas%20-%20Users%20of%20the%20world,%20unite.pdf

20.

Benkler Y. The wealth of networks: how social production transforms markets and freedom [Internet]. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press; 2006. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=3419996

21.

Erikson T. Social Computing - The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction [Internet]. 2007. Available from: https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed

22.

Granovetter MS. The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology. 1973;78(6):1360–80.

23.

Barabási AL. Scale-Free Networks: A Decade and Beyond. Science [Internet]. 2009 Jul 24;325(5939):412–3. Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.461.9320&rep=rep1&type=pdf

24.

van Dijck J. Facebook and the engineering of connectivity. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 2013 May;19(2):141–55.

25.

Nancy K. Baym. Personal Connections in the Digital Age. In 2015. Available from: http://bit.ly/2lWY8ck

26.

Dijck J van. The culture of connectivity: a critical history of social media. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.

27.

Gillespie T. The politics of ‘platforms’. New Media & Society. 2010 May;12(3):347–64.

28.

Burkeman O. Forty years of the internet: how the world changed for ever | Technology | The Guardian. 2009.

29.

Gauntlett D. David Gauntlett: Making is Connecting, January 2010 - YouTube. 2010.

30.

Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons [Internet]. 2010 Jan;53(1):59–68. Available from: http://michaelhaenlein.eu/Publications/Kaplan,%20Andreas%20-%20Users%20of%20the%20world,%20unite.pdf

31.

Schmidt E. Every 2 Days We Create As Much Information As We Did Up To 2003 [Internet]. Techcrumch; 2010. Available from: https://techcrunch.com/2010/08/04/schmidt-data/

32.

Lisa Lebduska. Emoji, Emoji, What for Art Thou? Harlot: A Revealing Look at the Arts of Persuasion [Internet]. 2014;1(12). Available from: http://harlotofthearts.org/index.php/harlot/article/view/186/157

33.

boyd danah, Crawford K. Six Provocations for Big Data. 2011 Sep 21;

34.

Marwick A, boyd danah. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society. 2010 Jul 7;13(1):114–33.

35.

Helmond A, Bucher T. The Affordances of Social Media Platforms. In 2015. Available from: http://www.annehelmond.nl/2016/08/01/the-affordances-of-social-media-platforms/

36.

Gillespie T. The Relevance of Algorithms. In: Media Technologies [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6733906

37.

Theresa M. Senft. Selfies Introduction ~ What Does the Selfie Say? Investigating a Global Phenomenon. International Journal of Communication [Internet]. 2015;9. Available from: http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/4067/1387

38.

Khamis S, Ang L, Welling R. Self-branding, ‘micro-celebrity’ and the rise of Social Media Influencers. Celebrity Studies. 2017 Apr 3;8(2):191–208.

39.

Anne Jerslev. Media Times| In The Time of the Microcelebrity: Celebrification and the YouTuber Zoella. International Journal of Communication [Internet]. 2016;10. Available from: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5078

40.

Burns A. Selfies self(ie)-discipline: social regulation as enacted through the discussion of photographic practice. International Journal of Communication [Internet]. 2015;9. Available from: http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3138

41.

Papacharissi Z. A networked self: identity, community and culture on social network sites. New York: Routledge; 2011.

42.

Marwick AE. Instafame: Luxury Selfies in the Attention Economy. Public Culture [Internet]. 2015;27(1 75):137–60. Available from: https://read.dukeupress.edu/public-culture/article/27/1%20(75)/137-160/31071

43.

Murray DC. Notes to self: the visual culture of selfies in the age of social media. Consumption Markets & Culture. 2015 Nov 2;18(6):490–516.

44.

Rettberg JW. ‘Freshly Generated for You, and Barack Obama’. European Journal of Communication. 2009 Dec;24(4):451–66.

45.

Zhao S, Grasmuck S, Martin J. Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior [Internet]. 2008 Sep;24(5):1816–36. Available from: http://astro.temple.edu/~bzhao001/Identity%20Construction%20on%20Facebook.pdf

46.

Tiidenberg K. Bringing sexy back: Reclaiming the body aesthetic via self-shooting. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace [Internet]. 2014;8(1). Available from: https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4295/3342

47.

Senft TM. Microcelebrity and the Branded Self. In: Hartley J, Burgess J, Bruns A, editors. A Companion to New Media Dynamics [Internet]. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013. p. 346–54. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/3775110/Micro-celebrity_and_the_Branded_Self

48.

Wellman B. Little Boxes, Glocalization, and Networked Individualism. In: Tanabe M, van den Besselaar P, Ishida T, editors. Digital Cities II: Computational and Sociological Approaches [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2002. p. 10–25. Available from: http://calchong.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/LittleBoxes.pdf

49.

Abidin C. "Aren’t These Just Young, Rich Women Doing Vain Things Online?”: Influencer Selfies as Subversive Frivolity. Social Media + Society. 2016 Apr;2(2).

50.

Chung S, Cho H. Fostering Parasocial Relationships with Celebrities on Social Media: Implications for Celebrity Endorsement. Psychology & Marketing. 2017 Apr;34(4):481–95.

51.

Christine M. Kowalczyk ; Kathrynn R. Pounders. Transforming celebrities through social media: the role of authenticity and emotional attachment. Journal of Product & Brand Management [Internet]. 2016;25(4). Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1108/JPBM-09-2015-0969

52.

Börzsei LK. Makes a Meme Instead: A Concise History of Internet Memes. 2013; Available from: https://works.bepress.com/linda_borzsei/2/

53.

Burgess J. All Your Chocolate Rain Are Belong to Us?’ Viral Video, YouTube  and the Dynamics of Participatory Culture. In: Video Vortex reader responses to YouTube [Internet]. Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures; 2008. Available from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/18431/1/18431.pdf

54.

Jurvetson S. What exactly is viral marketing. 2000; Available from: http://sites.google.com/site/kehowells/viral-marketing.pdf

55.

Provencher Langlois, Marion. Making Sense of ‘Memes’: Where They Came From and Why We Keep Clicking Them. Inquiries Journal [Internet]. 6(03). Available from: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/879/making-sense-of-memes-where-they-came-from-and-why-we-keep-clicking-them

56.

Leon S. I Can Haz an Internet Aesthetic?!? LOLCats and the Digital Marketplace [Internet]. NEPCA Conference; 2012. Available from: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1094&context=nepca

57.

Shifman L. Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2013 Apr;18(3):362–77.

58.

Shifman L. Memes versus virals. In: Memes in Digital Culture [Internet]. MIT; 2013. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6658668

59.

Knobel, M. & Lankshear, C. Online memes, affinities, and cultural production. In: A New Literacies Sampler [Internet]. USA: Peter Lang; 2007. p. 199–227. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283968435_Online_memes_affinities_and_cultural_production

60.

Nooney L, Portwood-Stacer L. One Does Not Simply: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Internet Memes. Journal of Visual Culture. 2014 Dec 1;13(3):248–52.

61.

Rodley C. When Memes Go to War: Viral Propaganda in the 2014 Gaza-Israel Conflict. The Fibreculture Journal [Internet]. 2016;(Issue 27: Networked War/Conflict). Available from: http://twentyseven.fibreculturejournal.org/2016/03/18/fcj-200-when-memes-go-to-war-viral-propaganda-in-the-2014-gaza-israel-conflict/

62.

Kligler-Vilenchik N, Thorson K. Good citizenship as a frame contest: Kony2012, memes, and critiques of the networked citizen. New Media & Society. 2016 Oct 1;18(9):1993–2011.

63.

Zittrain J. Reflections on Internet Culture. Journal of Visual Culture. 2014 Dec 1;13(3):388–94.

64.

Xu C. A Field Guide to China’s Most Indispensible Meme - Motherboard [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/bmvd74/china-meme-face-a-biaoqing-field-guide

65.

Jenkins H. If It Doesn’t Spread, It’s Dead (Part One): Media Viruses and Memes — Henry Jenkins [Internet]. 2009. Available from: http://henryjenkins.org/2009/02/if_it_doesnt_spread_its_dead_p.html

66.

Mina AX. A Tale of Two Memes: The Powerful Connection Between Trayvon Martin and Chen Guangcheng - The Atlantic [Internet]. 2012. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/a-tale-of-two-memes-the-powerful-connection-between-trayvon-martin-and-chen-guangcheng/259604/

67.

Milner R. Hacking the Social: Internet Memes, Identity Antagonism, and the Logic of Lulz. The Fibreculture Journal [Internet]. 2013; Available from: http://twentytwo.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-156-hacking-the-social-internet-memes-identity-antagonism-and-the-logic-of-lulz/

68.

Seth Godin, Malcolm Gladwell. Unleashing the Ideavirus [Internet]. Do You Zoom; Available from: https://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/files/2000Ideavirus.pdf

69.

Scacco JM, Muddiman A. Investigating the Influence of ‘Clickbait’ News Headlines [Internet]. Engaging News Project Report; 2016. Available from: http://mediaengagement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ENP-Investigating-the-Influence-of-Clickbait-News-Headlines.pdf

70.

Lamerichs N. Elite male bodies: The circulation of alt-Right memes and the framing of politicians on Social Media. Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception studies [Internet]. 2018;14(1). Available from: http://www.participations.org/Volume%2015/Issue%201/11.pdf

71.

Milner RM. The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press; 2018.

72.

Przybylski A, Orben A. Why it’s too soon to classify gaming addiction as a mental disorder [Internet]. The Guardian; 2018. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2018/feb/14/gaming-addiction-as-a-mental-disorder-its-premature-to-pathologise-players

73.

Harris T. How Technology Hijacks People’s Minds [Internet]. HuffPost; 2017. Available from: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tristan-harris/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds_b_10155754.html

74.

Becker R. Why calling screen time ‘digital heroin’ is digital garbage [Internet]. The Verge; 2016. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/30/12715848/new-york-post-internet-texting-addiction-irresponsible-hysteria

75.

Ferguson C. Technology is Not a Drug: Debunking the Biggest Myths About ‘Technology Addiction’ [Internet]. UNDARK: Truth, Beauty & Science; 29AD. Available from: https://undark.org/article/technology-addiction-myths/

76.

Kardaras N. It’s ‘digital heroin’: How screens turn kids into psychotic junkies | New York Post [Internet]. New York Times; 2016. Available from: https://nypost.com/2016/08/27/its-digital-heroin-how-screens-turn-kids-into-psychotic-junkies/

77.

Paasonen S. Fickle focus: Distraction, affect and the production of value in social media. First Monday [Internet]. 2016 Sep 10;21(10). Available from: http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/6949/5629

78.

Turkle S. The inner history of devices [Internet]. The MIT Press; Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/book/6267443?bknumber=6267443

79.

Shakya H, Christakis N. Association of Facebook Use With Compromised Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study. American Journal of Epidemiology [Internet]. 2017 Jan 16; Available from: https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/185/3/203/2915143

80.

Dredge S. Mobile phone addiction? It’s time to take back control | Technology | The Guardian [Internet]. The Guardian; 2018. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/27/mobile-phone-addiction-apps-break-the-habit-take-back-control?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Add_to_Evernote

81.

Gilroy-Ware M. Laughing and crying online [Internet]. New Internationalist; 2018. Available from: https://newint.org/features/2018/01/01/social-media-mental-health

82.

Bosker B. Addicted to Your iPhone? You’re Not Alone [Internet]. The Atlantic; 2016. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/11/the-binge-breaker/501122/

83.

Hearn A. ‘Never get high on your own supply’ – why social media bosses don’t use social media [Internet]. The Guardian; 2018. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/jan/23/never-get-high-on-your-own-supply-why-social-media-bosses-dont-use-social-media?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Add_to_Evernote

84.

Read J. Distracted by Attention [Internet]. The New Inquiry; 2014. Available from: https://thenewinquiry.com/distracted-by-attention/

85.

Tania B. A Technicity of Attention: How Software ‘Makes Sense’. Culture Machine [Internet]. 2012;13. Available from: http://culturemachine.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/470-993-1-PB.pdf

86.

Andrejevic M. Infoglut: how too much information is changing the way we think and know [Internet]. New York: Routledge; 2013. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b1MXhS71t40C&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=%E2%80%9CIntroduction:+Infoglut+and+Clutter-Cutting&source=bl&ots=u8CSqBsFAM&sig=4GdaO4yV-jTbVYmAFyPT1xvW4GE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1-4OqxLzZAhUNb1AKHTHeAJ8Q6AEIUTAI#v=onepage&q&f=false

87.

Lewis P. ‘Our minds can be hijacked’: the tech insiders who fear a smartphone dystopia [Internet]. The Guardian; 2017. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia

88.

Ganesh M. The Center for Humane Technology Doesn’t Want Your Attention [Internet]. Cyborgology; 2018. Available from: https://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/2018/02/09/the-center-for-humane-technology-doesnt-want-your-attention/

89.

MacKay J. Why you’re not "addicted” to technology (and it’s dangerous to say so): An interview with behavioral designer Nir Eyal [Internet]. RescueTime Blog; 2018. Available from: https://blog.rescuetime.com/nir-eyal-digital-distraction/

90.

Simon P. Has dopamine got us hooked on tech? [Internet]. The Guardian; 2018. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/04/has-dopamine-got-us-hooked-on-tech-facebook-apps-addiction

91.

Oscar Schwartz. Why beating your phone addiction may come at a cost. Guardian [Internet]. 2019 Mar 13; Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/mar/13/digital-wellness-phone-addiction-tech

92.

Senior J. Review: ‘The Attention Merchants’ Dissects the Battle for Clicks and Eyeballs [Internet]. New York Times; 2016. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/03/books/review-attention-merchants-tim-wu.html

93.

Mark Andrejevic, Gates K. Big Data Surveillance: Introduction. Surveillance & Society [Internet]. 2014;12(2):185–96. Available from: https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/bds_ed

94.

boyd danah. Debating Privacy in a Networked World for the WSJ. 2011; Available from: http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2011/11/20/debating-privacy-in-a-networked-world-for-the-wsj.html

95.

Angwin J. How Much Should People Worry About the Loss of Online Privacy? 2011; Available from: http://bit.ly/2FygFVv

96.

Shoshana Zuboff. Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization. 2015;30 (1):75–89. Available from: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=49122

97.

Nick Couldry. The price of connection: ‘surveillance capitalism’. The Conversation [Internet]. 2016; Available from: https://theconversation.com/the-price-of-connection-surveillance-capitalism-64124

98.

Christl, Wolfie. Corporate Surveillance In Everyday Life. How Companies Collect, Combine, Analyze, Trade, and Use Personal Data on Billions. 2017; Available from: http://crackedlabs.org/en/corporate-surveillance

99.

Anders Albrechtslund. Online social networking as participatory surveillance. First Monday [Internet]. 2008;13(3). Available from: http://firstmonday.org/article/view/2142/1949

100.

Andrejevic M. The work of being watched: interactive media and the exploitation of self-disclosure. Critical Studies in Media Communication [Internet]. 2002 Jun;19(2):230–48. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwivtr7bg7LZAhWQfFAKHSYHD54QFggnMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csun.edu%2F~vcspc00g%2F454%2Fworkofbeingwatched-csmc.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3VhYTp9JWHyHFNCKxFdJiY

101.

boyd danah boyd, Hargattai E. Facebook privacy settings: Who cares? First Monday [Internet]. 2010;15(8). Available from: http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3086/2589

102.

boyd danah, Marwick A. Social Privacy in Networked Publics: Teens’ Attitudes, Practices, and Strategies [Internet]. 2011. Available from: http://www.danah.org/papers/2011/SocialPrivacyPLSC-Draft.pdf

103.

Goldcare B. Datamining for terrorists would be lovely if it worked – Bad Science [Internet]. 2009. Available from: http://www.badscience.net/2009/02/datamining-would-be-lovely-if-it-worked/

104.

Solove, Daniel J. ‘I’ve Got Nothing to Hide’ and Other Misunderstandings of Privacy. 2007;44. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=998565

105.

David Lyon. Surveillance Studies: understanding visibility, mobility and the phenetic fix. Surveillance & Society. 2002;1(1):1–7.

106.

Sharma S, Nijjar J. The racialized surveillant assemblage: Islam and the fear of terrorism. 2018;16 (1):72–85. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15405702.2017.1412441

107.

Naughton J. Why we are resigned to giving our data to corporate spies | Opinion | The Guardian [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/28/why-we-give-our-data-to-corporate-spies-surveillance

108.

van Dijck J. Datafication, dataism and dataveillance by prof.  José van Dijck - YouTube [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOt2-HRWaYU

109.

Mineo L. When it comes to internet privacy, be very afraid, analyst suggests – Harvard Gazette [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/08/when-it-comes-to-internet-privacy-be-very-afraid-analyst-suggests/

110.

Hargittai EH, Marwick A. "What Can I Really Do?” Explaining the Privacy Paradox with Online Apathy. International Journal of Communication [Internet]. 2016;10. Available from: http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/4655

111.

Shepherd T, Harvey A, Jordan T, Srauy S, Miltner K. Histories of Hating. Social Media + Society. 2015 Sep 22;1(2).

112.

Daniels J. Race and racism in Internet Studies: A review and critique. New Media & Society [Internet]. 2013 Aug;15(5):695–719. Available from: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.co.uk/&httpsredir=1&article=1289&context=hc_pubs

113.

Gagliardone I. Countering online hate speech [Internet]. Paris: United Nations Educational  Scientific and Cultural Organization; 2015. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284157227_Countering_Online_Hate_Speech_-_UNESCO

114.

Sharma S, Brooker P, Sanjay S, Sanjay S. #notracist: In: Daniels J, Gregory K, Cottom TM, editors. Digital sociologies [Internet]. Bristol University Press; 2016. p. 463–86. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctt1t89cfr.35

115.

Sanjay S. Black Twitter? Racial Hashtags, Networks and Contagion | Lawrence & Wishart. 2013;78:46–64. Available from: https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/new-formations/78/black-twitter-racial-hashtags-networks-and-contagion

116.

Schonfield E. Jump Into The Stream | TechCrunch [Internet]. 2009. Available from: https://techcrunch.com/2009/05/17/jump-into-the-stream/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly9kdWNrZHVja2dvLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_cs=BPGTQYORhpfpvVzNGFJPpQ

117.

Marche S. There Are No Saints Online - Stephen Marche on Internet Hate [Internet]. Esquire; 2013. Available from: https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a22310/no-saints-online-0513/

118.

Safiya Umoja Noble. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism - Safiya Umoja Noble - Google Books [Internet]. NYU Press, 2018; Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Algorithms_of_Oppression.html?id=g8OSDgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y

119.

Nakamura L. Glitch Racism: Networks as Actors within Vernacular Internet Theory [Internet]. Culture Digitally; Available from: http://culturedigitally.org/2013/12/glitch-racism-networks-as-actors-within-vernacular-internet-theory/

120.

Murthy D, Sharma S. Visualizing YouTube’s comment space: online hostility as a networked phenomena. New Media & Society. 2019 Jan;21(1):191–213.

121.

Stephen Marche. Swallowing the Red Pill: a journey to the heart of modern misogyny. Guardian [Internet]. 2016 Apr 14; Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/14/the-red-pill-reddit-modern-misogyny-manosphere-men

122.

Demos. Anti-social media: 10,000 racial slurs a day on Twitter [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.demos.co.uk/files/DEMOS_Anti-social_Media.pdf?1391774638

123.

Jeong S. The Internet of Garbage [Internet]. The Verge; 2018. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/28/17777330/internet-of-garbage-book-sarah-jeong-online-harassment

124.

Brandwatch and KickItOut Expose Online Football Abuse [Internet]. Brandwatch; 2015. Available from: https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/brandwatch-and-kickitout-team-up-to-expose-online-football-abuse/

125.

Lisa Nakamura, Chow-White P. Race after the Internet. New York: Routledge; 2011.

126.

Online Harassment: What Americans Consider Crossing the Line [Internet]. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/01/04/crossing-the-line-what-counts-as-online-harassment/

127.

Massanari A. #Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit’s algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures. New Media & Society. 2017 Mar;19(3):329–46.

128.

Zeynap T. Mark Zuckerberg Is in Denial [Internet]. New York Times; 2016. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/opinion/mark-zuckerberg-is-in-denial.html?rref=collection%2Fcolumn%2Fzeynep-tufekci&action=click&contentCollection=opinion&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=8&pgtype=collection

129.

Mihailidis P, Viotty S. Spreadable Spectacle in Digital Culture: Civic Expression, Fake News, and the Role of Media Literacies in "Post-Fact” Society. American Behavioral Scientist. 2017 Apr;61(4):441–54.

130.

Berghel H. Lies, Damn Lies, and Fake News. Computer. 2017 Feb;50(2):80–5.

131.

Tandoc EC, Lim ZW, Ling R. Defining "Fake News”. Digital Journalism. 2018 Feb 7;6(2):137–53.

132.

Maheshwari S. How Fake News Goes Viral: A Case Study [Internet]. The New York Times; 2016. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/business/media/how-fake-news-spreads.html

133.

Jeong S. The Internet of Garbage [Internet]. The Verge; 2018. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/28/17777330/internet-of-garbage-book-sarah-jeong-online-harassment

134.

New America. LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media - YouTube [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5F5Wi1exhI&feature=youtu.be

135.

danah boyd. re:publica 2018 – danah boyd: Opening Keynote: How an Algorithmic World Can Be Undermined - YouTube [Internet]. re:publica; 2018. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTl0yyPqf3E

136.

Read M. How Much of the Internet Is Fake? [Internet]. Intelligencer; 2018. Available from: http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/12/how-much-of-the-internet-is-fake.html

137.

Szalai J. Why Fighting Fake News With the Facts Might Not Be Enough - The New York Times [Internet]. New York Times; 2019. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/09/books/review-misinformation-age-cailin-oconnor-james-owen-weatherall-down-to-earth-bruno-latour.html

138.

Xiao Mina A. Learning the Politics of ‘Digital Dissensus’ [Internet]. Civicist; 2018. Available from: https://civichall.org/civicist/learning-the-politics-of-digital-dissensus/

139.

Phillips W. Our information systems aren’t broken — they’re working as intended [Internet]. Nieman Journalism Lab; 2018. Available from: http://www.niemanlab.org/2018/12/our-information-systems-arent-broken-theyre-working-as-intended/

140.

Marwick A, Lewis R. Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online [Internet]. Data & Society; 2017. Available from: https://datasociety.net/output/media-manipulation-and-disinfo-online/

141.

Lazer DMJ, Baum MA, Benkler Y, Berinsky AJ, Greenhill KM, Menczer F, et al. The science of fake news. Science [Internet]. 2018 Mar 9;359(6380):1094–6. Available from: https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/mbaum/files/science_of_fake_news.pdf

142.

Newman, Nic. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2017. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3026082

143.

Kucharski A. Study epidemiology of fake news | Nature. 2016; Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/540525a

144.

How is Fake News Spread? Bots, People like You, Trolls, and Microtargeting | Center for Information Technology and Society - UC Santa Barbara [Internet]. Available from: http://www.cits.ucsb.edu/fake-news/spread

145.

Bakir V, McStay A. Fake News and The Economy of Emotions. Digital Journalism [Internet]. 2018 Feb 7;6(2):154–75. Available from: https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/files/19296816/2017_Fake_news.pdf