Bibliography for PX2606 Themes in the History of Modern Africa

1.
Iliffe J. Africans: the history of a continent. Third edition. Vol. 137. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2017.

2.
Parker J, Rathbone R. African history: a very short introduction [Internet]. Vol. Very short introductions. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=415063

3.
Philips JE. Writing African history [Internet]. Vol. Rochester studies in African history and the diaspora. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press; 2005. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=177071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

4.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

5.
Nugent P. Africa since independence: a comparative history. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004.

6.
Cooper F. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

7.
Iliffe J. Honour in African history. Vol. African studies series. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005.

8.
Iliffe J. The African poor: a history. Vol. African studies series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1987.

9.
Northrup DA. Africa’s discovery of Europe: 1450-1850. In: Africa’s discovery of Europe: 1450-1850 [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 1–23. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=b778972f-e2f3-e811-80cd-005056af4099

10.
Isichei EA. A history of African societies to 1870. In: A history of African societies to 1870 [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997. p. 7–24. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=4ea2020f-07f7-e811-80cd-005056af4099

11.
Mudimbé VY. The invention of Africa: gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge. Vol. African systems of thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1988.

12.
Parker J, Rathbone R. African history: a very short introduction [Internet]. Vol. Very short introductions. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=114677&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

13.
Cooper F. Africa’s Pasts and Africa’s Historians. Canadian Journal of African Studies [Internet]. 2000;34(2). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/486417

14.
Miller JC. History and Africa/Africa and History. The American Historical Review [Internet]. 1999 Feb;104(1). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2650179

15.
Iliffe J. Africans: the history of a continent. In: Africans: the history of a continent [Internet]. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=a0ec27dc-4792-e711-80cb-005056af4099

16.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

17.
Northrup DA. Africa’s discovery of Europe: 1450-1850. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002.

18.
Lovejoy PE. Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa [Internet]. 3rd ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=334087&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

19.
Austen RA. African economic history: internal development and external dependency. Oxford: James Currey; 1987.

20.
Freund B. The making of contemporary Africa: the development of African society since 1800. In: The making of contemporary Africa: the development of African society since 1800 [Internet]. 2nd ed. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan; 1998. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=72ebb03a-2e8e-e711-80cb-005056af4099

21.
Hopkins AG. An economic history of West Africa. Harlow: Longman; 1973.

22.
Law R, University of Stirling. Centre of Commonwealth Studies. From slave trade to ‘legitimate’ commerce: the commercial transition in nineteenth-century West Africa : papers from a conference of the Centre of Commonwealth Studies, University of Stirling. 1st pbk. ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

23.
Eltis D. Economic growth and the ending of the transatlantic slave trade [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 1987. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=4702986

24.
Hopkins AG. Economic imperialism in West Africa: Lagos, 1880-92. The Economic History Review [Internet]. 1968;21(3):580–606. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2592752

25.
African Historiography: essays in honour of Jacob Ade Ajayi,. Longman; 1993.

26.
Lovejoy PE, Richardson D. From slave trade to ‘legitimate’ commerce: the commercial transition in nineteenth-century West Africa. In: From slave trade to ‘legitimate’ commerce: the commercial transition in nineteenth-century West Africa [Internet]. 1st pbk. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 32–56. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=08dba310-edf3-e811-80cd-005056af4099

27.
Law R, University of Stirling. Centre of Commonwealth Studies. From slave trade to ‘legitimate’ commerce: the commercial transition in nineteenth-century West Africa : papers from a conference of the Centre of Commonwealth Studies, University of Stirling. 1st pbk. ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

28.
Northrup D. The compatibility of the slave and palm oil trades in the bight of Biafra. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1976;17(3):353–64. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/180699

29.
Clarke J. Households and the political economy of small-scale cash crop production in South-Western Nigeria. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute [Internet]. 1981;51(4):807–23. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1159355?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

30.
Dussel CJK. The nineteenth century commercial transition in West Africa: the case of the Biafra Hinterland. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines [Internet]. 2000;34(3):588–615. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/486214?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

31.
Oriji JN. A re-assessment of the organisation and benefits of the slave and palm produce trade amongst the Ngwa - Igbo. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines [Internet]. 1982;16(3):523–48. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/484558

32.
Law R, University of Stirling. Centre of Commonwealth Studies. From slave trade to ‘legitimate’ commerce: the commercial transition in nineteenth-century West Africa : papers from a conference of the Centre of Commonwealth Studies, University of Stirling. 1st pbk. ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

33.
Manning P. Slavery and the slave trade in Colonial Africa. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1990 Mar;31(01). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/182805

34.
Rodney W. How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Rev. ed. Cape Town: Pambazuka; 2012.

35.
Alpers EA. Ivory & slaves in east central Africa: changing patterns of international trade to the later nineteenth century. London (etc.): Heinemann Educational; 1975.

36.
Shorter A. Nyungu-ya-Mawe and the ‘Empire of the Ruga-rugas’. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1968 Apr;9(02). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/179562

37.
Reid R. The Ganda on Lake Victoria: a nineteenth-century East African imperialism. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1998;39(3):349–63. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/183358

38.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

39.
Sheriff A. Slaves, spices & ivory in Zanzibar: integration of an East African commercial empire into the world economy, 1770-1873. Vol. Eastern African studies. London: Currey; 1987.

40.
Bennett NR. Mirambo of Tanzania, 1840?-1884. In: Mirambo of Tanzania, 1840?-1884 [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 1971. p. 3–32. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=889fe26a-f5f6-e811-80cd-005056af4099

41.
Bennett NR. Chapter 1: The Nyamwezi and the Arabs. In: Mirambo of Tanzania, 1840?-1884 [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 1971. p. 3–32. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=0f7418e9-a7fe-eb11-b563-0050f2f09783

42.
Richard J. Reid. Political power in pre-colonial Buganda. In: Political power in pre-colonial Buganda [Internet]. Oxford: James Currey; 2002. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=f88f58ed-af93-e711-80cb-005056af4099

43.
Violent Development: toward an economic history of African warfare and military organisation. Available from: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14195/

44.
Reid RJ, British Institute in Eastern Africa. War in pre-colonial eastern Africa: the patterns & meanings of state-level conflict in the nineteenth century. Vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford: James Currey; 2007.

45.
Doyle S. Crisis & decline in Bunyoro: population & environment in western Uganda 1860-1955. Vol. Eastern African studies. London: The British Institute in Eastern Africa; 2006.

46.
Reid RJ. Warfare in African history [Internet]. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

47.
Reid R. Images of an African ruler: Kabaka Mutesa of Buganda, ca. 1857-1884. History in Africa [Internet]. 1999;26:269–98. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3172144?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

48.
Reid R. Mutesa and Mirambo: thoughts on East African warfare and diplomacy in the nineteenth century. The International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 1998;31(1):73–89. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/220885?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

49.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

50.
Cobbing J. The Mfecane as alibi: thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1988;29(3):487–519. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/182353

51.
Eldredge EA. Sources of conflict in Southern Africa, c. 1800-30: the ‘Mfecane’ reconsidered. The journal of African history [Internet]. 1992;33(1). Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/182273

52.
Davenport TRH. South Africa: a modern history. 5th ed. London: Macmillan; 2000.

53.
Guy J. The destruction of the Zulu kingdom: the Civil War in Zululand, 1879-1884. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press; 1994.

54.
Hamilton CA. ‘The character and objects of Chaka’: a reconsideration of the making of Shaka as ‘Mfecane’ Motor. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1992;33(1):37–63. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/182274?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

55.
Omar-Cooper J. The Zulu aftermath: a nineteenth-century revolution in Bantu Africa.

56.
Ross R. A concise history of South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999.

57.
Wylie D. Myth of iron: Shaka in history. Oxford: James Currey; 2006.

58.
Guy JJ. A note on firearms in the Zulu Kingdom with special reference to the Anglo-Zulu War, 1879. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1971;12(4):557–70. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/181013?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

59.
Webb DA. War, racism, and the taking of heads: revisiting military conflict in the Cape Colony and Western Xhosaland in the nineteenth century. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2015 Mar;56(01):37–55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853714000693

60.
Webb DA. War, racism, and the taking of heads: revisiting military conflict in the Cape colony and western Xhosaland in the nineteenth century. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2015 Mar;56(01):37–55. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853714000693

61.
Hopkins AG. ‘Blundering and plundering’: the scramble for Africa relived. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1993;34(3):489–94. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/183104

62.
Iliffe J. Africans: the history of a continent. 2nd ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.

63.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

64.
Richard Waller. The Maasai and the British 1895-1905. the Origins of an Alliance. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1976;17(4):529–53. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/180738?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=the&searchText=maasai&searchText=and&searchText=the&searchText=british&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dthe%2Bmaasai%2Band%2Bthe%2Bbritish%26amp%3Bfilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100201%26amp%3BSearch%3DSearch%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3BglobalSearch%3D%26amp%3BsbbBox%3D%26amp%3BsbjBox%3D%26amp%3BsbpBox%3D

65.
Young C. The African colonial state in comparative perspective. In: The African colonial state in comparative perspective [Internet]. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1994. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=992409fc-278e-e711-80cb-005056af4099

66.
Austen RA. African economic history: internal development and external dependency. In: African economic history: internal development and external dependency [Internet]. Oxford: James Currey; 1987. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=bf4fab62-278e-e711-80cb-005056af4099

67.
Iliffe J. Honour in African history. In: Honour in African history [Internet]. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=0e24e4d0-4492-e711-80cb-005056af4099

68.
Iliffe J. Honour in African history. Vol. African studies series. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005.

69.
Gjersø JF. The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History [Internet]. 2015 Oct 20;43(5):831–60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131

70.
Isaacman A, Isaacman B. Resistance and Collaboration in Southern and Central Africa, c. 1850-1920. The International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 1977;10(1). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/216890

71.
Tvedt T. Hydrology and Empire: The Nile, Water Imperialism and the Partition of Africa. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History [Internet]. 2011 Jun;39(2):173–94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.568759

72.
Hopkins AG. Economic imperialism in West Africa: Lagos, 1880-92. The Economic History Review [Internet]. 1968;21(3):580–606. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2592752

73.
Eric Stokes. Late nineteenth-century colonial expansion and the attack on the theory of economic imperialism: a case of mistaken identity? The historical journal [Internet]. 1969;12(2). Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2637805

74.
John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson. The Imperialism of Free Trade. The Economic History Review [Internet]. 1953;6(1):1–15. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2591017

75.
Robinson R. Africa and the Victorians: the official mind of imperialism. New paperback edition. Gallagher J, Denny A, editors. London: I.B. Tauris; 2015.

76.
Vandervort B. Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914 [Internet]. Vol. Warfare and history. London: UCL Press; 1998. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=40829&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

77.
Beach DN. ‘Chimurenga’: the Shona rising of 1896-97. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1979;20(3):395–420. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/181122

78.
Iliffe J. The organization of the Maji Maji rebellion. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1967;8(3):495–512. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/179833

79.
Ranger TO. Connexions between ‘primary resistance’ movements and modern mass nationalism in east and central Africa. Part I. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1968;9(3):437–53. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/180275

80.
Robinson D. Beyond Resistance and Collaboration: Amadu Bamba and the Murids of Senegal. Journal of Religion in Africa [Internet]. 1991 May;21(2). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580803

81.
Schreuder DM. The scramble for southern Africa, 1877-1895: the politics of partition reappraised. Vol. Cambridge Commonwealth series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.

82.
Hobsbawm EJ, Ranger TO. The Invention of tradition. In: The Invention of tradition [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1983. p. 211–62. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=4d674652-8c90-e611-80c7-005056af4099

83.
Terence Ranger. The Invention of Tradition Revisited: The Case of Colonial Africa. Occasional Paper [Internet]. 2014;(11):5–50. Available from: http://ojs.ruc.dk/index.php/ocpa/article/view/3604/1786

84.
Cooper F. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. In: Africa since 1940: the past of the present [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=667ebe57-248e-e711-80cb-005056af4099

85.
Cooper F. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

86.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

87.
The "Bargain” of Collaboration: African Intermediaries, Indirect Recruitment, and Indigenous Institutions in the Ghanaian Gold Mining Industry, 1900–1906<a href="#fn2606">*</a>. International Review of Social History [Internet]. 2012;57(S20):17–38. Available from: https://zenodo.org/record/259381#.W-67ScQyWUk

88.
Stilwell S. Constructing Colonial Power: Tradition, Legitimacy and Government in Kano, 1903–63. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History [Internet]. 2011 Jun;39(2):195–225. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.568760

89.
Iliffe J. Honour in African history. Vol. African studies series. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005.

90.
Lonsdale J, Berman B. Coping with the contradictions: the development of the colonial state in Kenya, 1895-1914. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1979;20(4):487–505. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/181774

91.
Tibenderana PK. The role of the British administration in the appointment of the Emirs of northern Nigeria, 1903-1931: the case of Sokoto province. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1987;28(2):231–57. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/181548

92.
Spear T. Neo-traditionalism and the limits of invention in British colonial Africa. Journal of African history [Internet]. 2003;44(1):3–27. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4100380

93.
Berry S. Unsettled accounts: stool debts, chieftaincy disputes and the question of Asante constitutionalism. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1998;39(1):39–62. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/183329

94.
Mamdani M. Citizen and subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Vol. Princeton studies in culture/power/history. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 1996.

95.
Young C. The African colonial state in comparative perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1994.

96.
Iliffe J. The African poor: a history. In: The African poor: a history [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1987. p. 1–8. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=5f2e826e-f3f6-e811-80cd-005056af4099

97.
Iliffe J. The African poor: a history. Vol. African studies series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1987.

98.
Mamdani M. Citizen and subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Vol. Princeton studies in culture/power/history. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 1996.

99.
Austen RA. African economic history: internal development and external dependency. Oxford: James Currey; 1987.

100.
Austin G. The emergence of capitalist relations in South Asante cocoa-farming, c. 1916-33. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1987;28(2):259–79. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/181549

101.
Chimhundu H. Early missionaries and the ethnolinguistic factor during the ‘invention of tribalism’ in Zimbabwe. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1992;33(1):87–109. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/182276

102.
Phimister I. Coal, crisis, and class struggle: Wankie colliery, 1918-22. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1992;33(1):65–86. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/182275

103.
Isaacman A, Isaacman B. Resistance and Collaboration in Southern and Central Africa, c. 1850-1920. The International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 1977;10(1). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/216890

104.
J. D. Hargreaves. Towards a History of the Partition of Africa. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1960;1(1):97–109. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/179709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

105.
Sekibakiba Peter Lekgoathi. ‘Colonial’ Experts, Local Interlocutors, Informants and the Making of an Archive on the ‘Transvaal Ndebele’, 1930-1989. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2009;50(1):61–80. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/40206698?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=african&searchText=intermediaries&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100201%26amp%3BQuery%3Dafrican%2Bintermediaries&refreqid=search%3A45de814b5f66cbf09aef7ab39458305b&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

106.
Mamdani M. Citizen and subject: contemporary Africa and the legacy of late colonialism. Vol. Princeton studies in culture/power/history. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 1996.

107.
A. H. M. Kirk-Greene. The Thin White Line: The Size of the British Colonial Service in Africa. African Affairs [Internet]. 1980;79(314):25–44. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/721630?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

108.
Mark-Thiesen C. The "Bargain” of Collaboration: African Intermediaries, Indirect Recruitment, and Indigenous Institutions in the Ghanaian Gold Mining Industry, 1900–1906. International Review of Social History [Internet]. 2012 Dec;57(S20):17–38. Available from: https://zenodo.org/record/259381#.W-60bsQyWUk

109.
OSBORN EL. ‘CIRCLE OF IRON’: AFRICAN COLONIAL EMPLOYEES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COLONIAL RULE IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2003 Mar;44(01). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853702008307

110.
Burton A. Adjutants, agents, intermediaries: The Native Administration in Dar es Salaam township, 1919–61. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa [Internet]. 2001 Jan;36–37(1):98–118. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00672700109511702

111.
Review by: RICHARD ROBERTS. Review: AFRICAN INTERMEDIARIES IN EARLY COLONIAL NIGERIA: Brokering Colonial Rule: Political Agents in Northern Nigeria, 1886-1914 by Philip Afeadi. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2010;51(2):257–9. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40985077?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

112.
Parsons TH. African rank-and-file: social implications of colonial military service in the King’s African Rifles. Portsmouth: Heinemann; 1999.

113.
Policing the empire. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press; 1991.

114.
Killingray D, Omissi DE. Guardians of empire: the armed forces of the colonial powers, c. 1700-1964. Vol. Studies in imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1999.

115.
Clayton A, Killingray D. Khaki and blue: military and police in British colonial Africa. Vol. Monographs in international studies. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies; 1989.

116.
Lynn M. Thomas. Imperial Concerns and ‘Women’s Affairs’: State Efforts to Regulate Clitoridectomy and Eradicate Abortion in Meru, Kenya, c. 1910-1950. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1998;39(1):121–45. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/183332?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

117.
Meredith McKittrick. Faithful Daughter, Murdering Mother: Transgression and Social Control in Colonial Namibia. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1999;40(2):265–83. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/183549?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

118.
Timothy Scarnecchia. Poor Women and Nationalist Politics: Alliances and Fissures in the Formation of a Nationalist Political Movement in Salisbury, Rhodesia, 1950-6. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1996;37(2):283–310. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/183187?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

119.
Jean Allman. Rounding up Spinsters: Gender Chaos and Unmarried Women in Colonial Asante. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1996;37(2):195–214. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/183183?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

120.
Helen Bradford. Women, Gender and Colonialism: Rethinking the History of the British Cape Colony and Its Frontier Zones, C. 1806-70. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1996;37(3):351–70. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/182498?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

121.
McClintock A. Imperial leather: race, gender and sexuality in the colonial contest. New York: Routledge; 1995.

122.
Carol Summers. Intimate Colonialism: The Imperial Production of Reproduction in Uganda, 1907-1925. Signs [Internet]. 1991;16(4):787–807. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/3174573?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

123.
Beverly Grier. Pawns, Porters, and Petty Traders: Women in the Transition to Cash Crop Agriculture in Colonial Ghana. Signs [Internet]. 1992;17(2):304–28. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/3174466?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

124.
Elizabeth A. Eldredge. Women in Production: The Economic Role of Women in Nineteenth-Century Lesotho. Signs [Internet]. 1991;16(4):707–31. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/3174570?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

125.
Jean Allman. Making Mothers: Missionaries, Medical Officers and Women’s Work in Colonial Asante, 1924-1945. History Workshop [Internet]. 1994;(38):23–47. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/4289318?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=jean&searchText=allman&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj101413%26amp%3BQuery%3Djean%2Ballman&refreqid=search%3Abefcf7309444093bc682d35c38d72587&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

126.
Susan Pedersen. National Bodies, Unspeakable Acts: The Sexual Politics of Colonial Policy-making. The Journal of Modern History [Internet]. 1991;63(4):647–80. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/2938584

127.
Robertson, Claire1. TRADERS AND URBAN STRUGGLE: Ideology and the Creation of a Militant Female Underclass in Nairobi, 1960-1990. Journal of Women’s History [Internet]. 1993;4(3):9–42. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=a9h&AN=56631256&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s1123049

128.
‘Sisters; was this what we struggled for?’: The Gendered Rivalry in Power and Politics [Internet]. Available from: http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1803&context=jiws

129.
Presley CA. The Mau Mau Rebellion, Kikuyu Women, and Social Change. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines [Internet]. 1988;22(3). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/485952

130.
Mamphela Ramphele. The Dynamics of Gender Politics in the Hostels of Cape Town: Another Legacy of the South African Migrant Labour System. Journal of Southern African Studies [Internet]. 1989;15(3):393–414. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/2636404?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

131.
Marcia Wright. Technology, Marriage and Women’s Work in the History of Maize-Growers in Mazabuka, Zambia: A Reconnaissance. Journal of Southern African Studies [Internet]. 1983;10(1):71–85. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/2636817?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

132.
Hunt NR. ‘Le Bebe en Brousse’: European Women, African Birth Spacing and Colonial Intervention in Breast Feeding in the Belgian Congo. The International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 1988;21(3). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/219448

133.
Parpart JL. ‘Where Is Your Mother?’: Gender, Urban Marriage, and Colonial Discourse on the Zambian Copperbelt, 1924-1945. The International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 1994;27(2). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/221025

134.
Geiger S. Women in Nationalist Struggle: Tanu Activists in Dar es Salaam. The International Journal of African Historical Studies [Internet]. 1987;20(1). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/219275

135.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

136.
Wartime recruiting practices, martial identity and post-World War II demobilization in Colonial Kenya. Journal of African history [Internet]. 2005;46:103–25. Available from: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=290533&jid=AFH&volumeId=46&issueId=01&aid=290532&bodyId=&membershipNumber=&societyETOCSession=

137.
Leach M, Mearns R. The lie of the land: challenging received wisdom on the African environment. Vol. African issues. Oxford: James Currey; 1996.

138.
Lewis J. Empire state-building: war and welfare in Kenya, 1925-52. Vol. Eastern African studies. Oxford: James Currey; 2001.

139.
Cooper F. Decolonization and African society: the labor question in French and British Africa. Vol. African studies series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.

140.
Hodge JM, Project Muse. Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism [Internet]. Athens: Ohio University Press; 2007. Available from: https://login.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/login?url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/7031/

141.
Cooper F. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

142.
David Anderson. Depression, Dust Bowl, Demography, and Drought: The Colonial State and Soil Conservation in East Africa during the 1930s. African Affairs [Internet]. 1984;83(332):321–43. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/722351?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=depression&searchText=dust&searchText=bowl&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Ddepression%2Bdust%2Bbowl%26amp%3Bfilter%3D&refreqid=search%3Ab95d28373d9fea9839158069baa3de5d&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

143.
Mac Dixon-Fyle. Agricultural Improvement and Political Protest on the Tonga Plateau, Northern Rhodesia. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1977;18(4):579–96. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/180833

144.
Michael Drinkwater. Technical Development and Peasant Impoverishment: Land Use Policy in Zimbabwe’s Midlands Province. Journal of Southern African Studies [Internet]. 1989;15(2):287–305. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/2636804?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

145.
William Beinart. Introduction: The Politics of Colonial Conservation. Journal of Southern African Studies [Internet]. 1989;15(2):143–62. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/2636798?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

146.
Francis K. Danquah. Rural Discontent and Decolonization in Ghana, 1945-1951. Agricultural History [Internet]. 1994;68(1):1–19. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/3744447?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

147.
Leach M, Mearns R. The lie of the land: challenging received wisdom on the African environment. Vol. African issues. Oxford: James Currey; 1996.

148.
Andreas Eckert. ‘A Showcase for Experiments’: Local Government Reforms in Colonial Tanzania, 1940s and 1950s. Africa Spectrum [Internet]. 1999;34(2):212–35. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/40174799?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=second&searchText=colonial&searchText=occupation&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedSearch%3Fq0%3Dsecond%2Bcolonial%2Boccupation%26amp%3BresultsServiceName%3DdoBackToBasicResults%26amp%3Brefreqid%3Dsearch%253Acd243169af8fe3fc85b9606c1cc2a91e%26amp%3Bpage%3D2&refreqid=search%3A33e0932707b2eb2cc42d613162acf2a2&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

149.
Grischow JD. Late Colonial Development in British West Africa: The Gonja Development Project in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, 1948-57. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines [Internet]. 2001;35(2). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/486115

150.
Cooper F. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

151.
Berman B, Lonsdale J. Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya & Africa, Bk.1: State & class. Vol. Eastern African studies. London: James Currey; 1992.

152.
Holland RF. European decolonization 1918-1981: an introductory survey. In: European decolonization 1918-1981: an introductory survey [Internet]. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1985. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=badacbbc-a193-e711-80cb-005056af4099

153.
Iliffe J. Africans: the history of a continent. 2nd ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.

154.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

155.
Brands H. Wartime recruiting practices, martial identity and post-World War II demobilization in colonial Kenya. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2005;46(1):103–25. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4100831?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

156.
Allman JM. The youngmen and the porcupine: class, nationalism and Asante’s struggle for self-determination, 1954-57. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1990;31(2):263–79. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/182768

157.
Sherwood M. Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa and the African diaspora [Internet]. Vol. Routledge studies in modern British history. New York: Routledge; 2011. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=383259&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

158.
Henderson I. Early African leadership: the Copperbelt disturbances of 1935 and 1940. Journal of Southern African Studies [Internet]. 1975;2(1):83–97. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2636616?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

159.
Charles Perrings. Consciousness, conflict and Proletarianization: an assessment of the 1935 Mineworkers’ Strike on the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt. Journal of Southern African Studies [Internet]. 1977;4(1):31–51. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2636586?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

160.
Phimister I. Coal, crisis, and class struggle: Wankie Colliery, 1918-22. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1992;33(1):65–86. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/182275

161.
Terence Osborne Ranger. Dance and society in Eastern Africa 1890-1970. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1975.

162.
MacGaffey W. The implantation of Kimbanguism in Kisangani, Zaire. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1982 Jul;23(03). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/182102

163.
Milburn JM. The 1938 Gold Coast cocoa crisis: British business and the Colonial Office. African Historical Studies [Internet]. 1970;3(1):57–74. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/216480?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

164.
Palmer R. Working conditions and worker responses on Nyasaland tea estates, 1930-1953. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1986;27(1):105–26. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/181339?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

165.
Ian Henderson. The origins of nationalism in east and central Africa: the Zambian case. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1970;11(4):591–603. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/180923

166.
Lonsdale JM. Some origins of nationalism in East Africa. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1968;9(1):119–46. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/179923

167.
Wartime recruiting practices, martial identity and post-World War II demobilization in Colonial Kenya. Journal of African history [Internet]. 2005;46:103–25. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4100831

168.
Branch D. The enemy within: Loyalists and the war against Mau Mau in Kenya. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2007;48(2):291–315. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4501043

169.
Fèuredi F. The Mau Mau war in perspective. Vol. Eastern African studies. London: Currey; 1989.

170.
Lonsdale J. Mau Maus of the mind: making Mau Mau and remaking Kenya. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1990;31(3):393–421. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/182877

171.
Berman BJ. Nationalism, ethnicity, and modernity: the paradox of Mau Mau. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines [Internet]. 1991;25(2):181–206. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/485216

172.
Baggallay AR. Myths of Mau Mau expanded: rehabilitation in Kenya’s detention camps, 1954–60. Journal of Eastern African Studies [Internet]. 2011 Aug;5(3):553–78. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2011.611677

173.
Berman B, Lonsdale J. Unhappy valley: conflict in Kenya & Africa, Bk.1: State & class. Vol. Eastern African studies. London: James Currey; 1992.

174.
Elkins C. Imperial reckoning: the untold story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. 1st ed. New York: Henry Holt; 2005.

175.
Anderson D. Histories of the hanged: Britain’s dirty war in Kenya and the end of empire. London: Phoenix; 2006.

176.
Branch D. Defeating Mau Mau, creating Kenya: counterinsurgency, civil war, and decolonization. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.

177.
Bennett HC. Fighting the Mau Mau: the British army and counter-insurgency in the Kenya Emergency [Internet]. Vol. Cambridge military histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=413058&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

178.
Aussaresses P. The battle of the Casbah. New York: Enigma; 2010.

179.
Horne A. A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954-1962. Rev. ed. London: Papermac; 1987.

180.
Hutchinson MC. Revolutionary terrorism. Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University; 1978.

181.
Baggallay AR. Myths of Mau Mau expanded: rehabilitation in Kenya’s detention camps, 1954–60. Journal of Eastern African Studies [Internet]. 2011 Aug;5(3):553–78. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2011.611677

182.
Smith T. The French stake in Algeria, 1945-1962. Ithaca, N.Y;

183.
Talbott JE. The war without a name: France in Algeria, 1954-1962. London: Faber; 1981.

184.
Bennoune M. The making of contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987: colonial upheavals and post-independence development. Vol. Cambridge Middle East library. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

185.
Fanon F. The wretched of the earth. Vol. Penguin twentieth-century classics. London: Penguin; 1990.

186.
Ruedy J. Modern Algeria: the origins and development of a nation. 2nd ed. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press; 2005.

187.
Hutchinson MC. The concept of revolutionary terrorism. The Journal of Conflict Resolution (pre-1986) [Internet]. 1986;16(3). Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/173583

188.
Knauss PR, Hutchinson MC. Revolutionary Terrorism: The FLN in Algeria, 1954-1962. The American Political Science Review [Internet]. 1980 Mar;74(1). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1955738

189.
Hargreaves JD. Decolonization in Africa. 2nd ed. Vol. Postwar world. London: Longman; 1996.

190.
Holland RF. European decolonization 1918-1981: an introductory survey. Vol. Themes in comparative history. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1985.

191.
Iliffe J. A modern history of Tanganyika. Vol. African studies series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1979.

192.
Hobsbawm EJ. Nations and nationalism since 1780: programme, myth, reality. 2nd ed. Vol. Canto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992.

193.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

194.
Cooper F. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

195.
Iliffe J. Africans: the history of a continent. 2nd ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.

196.
Nugent P. Africa since independence: a comparative history. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004.

197.
Nugent P. Africa since independence: a comparative history. In: Africa since independence: a comparative history [Internet]. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=0d622025-4992-e711-80cb-005056af4099

198.
Morgan G. Violence in Mozambique: towards an understanding of Renamo. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1990;28(4):603–19. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/160923?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=glenda&searchText=morgan&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dglenda%2Bmorgan%26amp%3Bfilter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100235%26amp%3BSearch%3DSearch%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3BglobalSearch%3D%26amp%3BsbbBox%3D%26amp%3BsbjBox%3D%26amp%3BsbpBox%3D

199.
Crowder M. Whose dream was It anyway? Twenty-five years of African independence. African Affairs [Internet]. 1987;86(342):7–24. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/722863?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

200.
Austen RA. African economic history: internal development and external dependency. Oxford: James Currey; 1987.

201.
Clapham CS. Africa and the international system: the politics of state survival. Vol. Cambridge studies in international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.

202.
Iliffe J. Africans: the history of a continent. 2nd ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.

203.
Cooper F. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

204.
Nugent P. Africa since independence: a comparative history. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004.

205.
Englebert P, Hummel R. Let’s stick together: understanding Africa’s secessionist deficit. African Affairs [Internet]. 2005;104(416):399–427. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518722

206.
Cooper F. Possibility and constraint: African independence in historical perspective. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2008 Jul;49(02). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853708003915

207.
Asiwaju AI. Partitioned Africans: ethnic relations across Africa’s international boundaries, 1884-1984. New York: St. Martin’s Press; 1985.

208.
Brennan JR. Lowering the Sultan’s Flag: sovereignty and decolonization in coastal Kenya. Comparative Studies in Society and History [Internet]. 2008;50(4):831–61. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27563710

209.
Nugent P, Asiwaju AI. African boundaries : barriers, conduits, and opportunities. In: African boundaries : barriers, conduits, and opportunities [Internet]. London: Pinter; 1996. p. 1–17. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=b18b56a8-f5f3-e811-80cd-005056af4099

210.
Lewis IM (Ioan M. Nationalism & self determination in the Horn of Africa. London: Ithaca Press; 1983.

211.
Achebe C. There was a country: a personal history of Biafra. London: Penguin Books; 2013.

212.
Markakis J. National and class conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd; 1990.

213.
Johnson DH, International African Institute. The root causes of Sudan’s civil wars. Vol. African issues. Oxford: International African Institute in association with James Currey; 2003.

214.
Reno W. Warfare in independent Africa [Internet]. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=803173

215.
Emizet F. Kisangani. Civil wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1960-2010. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers; 2012.

216.
Whittaker H. Insurgency and counterinsurgency in Kenya: a social history of the Shifta Conflict, c. 1963-1968 [Internet]. Vol. Volume 34. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill; 2015. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=1823624

217.
Young C. The postcolonial state in Africa: fifty years of independence, 1960-2010 [Internet]. Vol. Africa and the diaspora: history, politics, culture. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=450485&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

218.
De St Jorre J. The Nigerian Civil War. London: Hodder and Stoughton; 1972.

219.
Decalo S. Coups and army rule in Africa: studies in military style. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1976.

220.
Reno W. Warfare in independent Africa [Internet]. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=803173

221.
Brett EA. Neutralising the use of force in Uganda: the role of the military in politics. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1995;33(1):129–52. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161549?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

222.
Nugent P. Africa since independence: a comparative history. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004.

223.
Reid RJ. Warfare in African history [Internet]. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=364071&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

224.
Achebe C. There was a country: a personal history of Biafra. London: Penguin Books; 2013.

225.
Chabal P, Daloz JP. Africa works: disorder as political instrument. Vol. African issues. [London]: International African Institute in association with James Currey, Oxford; 1999.

226.
Clapham CS. Africa and the international system: the politics of state survival. Vol. Cambridge studies in international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.

227.
Bayart JF, Ellis S, Hibou B, International African Institute. The criminalization of the state in Africa. Vol. African issues. [London]: International African Institute in association with J. Currey, Oxford; 1999.

228.
M. S. M. Semakula Kiwanuka. Amin and the tragedy of Uganda. MuÌnchen: Weltforum Verlag; 1979.

229.
Iliffe J. Honour in African history. Vol. African studies series. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005.

230.
Cooper F. Africa since 1940: the past of the present. Vol. New approaches to African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

231.
Ihonvbere JO. Are things falling apart? the military and the crisis of democratisation in Nigeria. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1996;34(2):193–225. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/162029?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

232.
Panter-Brick SK. Nigerian politics and military rule: prelude to the civil war. Vol. Commonwealth papers. London: Published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies (by) Athlone Press; 1970.

233.
De St Jorre J. The Nigerian Civil War. London: Hodder and Stoughton; 1972.

234.
Stremlau JJ. The international politics of the Nigerian civil war, 1967-1970. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1977.

235.
‘I saw a nightmare...’ Doing violence to memory: the Soweto uprising, June 16, 1976, by Helena Pohlandt-McCormick [Internet]. Available from: http://www.gutenberg-e.org/pohlandt-mccormick/

236.
Clive Glaser. ‘We must infiltrate the Tsotsis’: school politics and youth gangs in Soweto, 1968-1976. Journal of southern African studies [Internet]. 1998;24(2):301–23. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2637529

237.
Year of Fire, Year of Ash [Internet]. Available from: https://www.zedbooks.net/shop/book/year-of-fire-year-of-ash/

238.
Glaser C. Bo-Tsotsi: the youth gangs of Soweto, 1935-1976. Vol. Social History of Africa. Oxford: James Currey; 2000.

239.
Badat S, Badat S. Black student politics: higher education and apartheid from SASO to SANSCO, 1968-1990. Vol. Studies in higher education, dissertation series. New York: RoutledgeFalmer; 2002.

240.
Waller R. Rebellious youth in colonial Africa. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 2006;47(1):77–92. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4100566?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

241.
Richards P. Fighting for the rain forest: war, youth & resources in Sierra Leone. Vol. African issues. Oxford: The International African Institute in association with James Currey; 1996.

242.
Soweto’s Islands of Learning: Morris Isaacson and Orlando High Schools Under Bantu Education, 1958-1975. Journal of southern African studies [Internet]. 2015;41:159–72. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2015.991573

243.
The Mapping of the June 16, 1976, Soweto Student Uprising Routes: Past Recollections and Present Reconstruction(s). Journal of African cultural studies [Internet]. 1AD;19:7–36. Available from: http://cm7ly9cu9w.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Mapping+of+the+June+16%2C+1976%2C+Soweto+Student+Uprising+Routes%3A+Past+Recollections+and+Present+Reconstruction%28s%29&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Cultural+Studies&rft.au=Hlongwane%2C+Ali+Khangela&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.pub=Carfax+Publishing&rft.issn=1369-6815&rft.eissn=1469-9346&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=7&rft.epage=36&rft.externalDocID=00346218&paramdict=en-UK

244.
Ruth Kerkham Simbao. The Thirtieth Anniversary of the Soweto Uprisings: Reading the Shadow in Sam Nzima’s Iconic Photograph of Hector Pieterson. African Arts [Internet]. 2007;40(2):52–69. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20447828?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

245.
Simpson T. Main Machinery: The ANC’s Armed Underground in Johannesburg During the 1976 Soweto Uprising. African Studies [Internet]. 2011 Dec;70(3):415–36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2011.628801

246.
Maynard W. Swanson. The Sanitation Syndrome: Bubonic Plague and Urban Native Policy in the Cape Colony, 1900-1909. The Journal of African History [Internet]. 1977;18(3):387–410. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/180639?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

247.
Iliffe J. Africans: the history of a continent. 2nd ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.

248.
Nugent P. Africa since independence: a comparative history. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004.

249.
Cohen R. Endgame in South Africa?: the changing structures & ideology of apartheid. London: Currey; 1986.

250.
Ellis S, Sechaba T. Comrades against apartheid: the ANC & the South African Communist Party in exile. London: James Currey; 1992.

251.
Lipton M. Capitalism and apartheid: South Africa, 1910-84. Aldershot: Gower/Maurice Temple Smith; 1985.

252.
Booth D. The race game: sport and politics in South Africa [Internet]. Vol. Cass series--sport in the global society. London: Frank Cass; 1998. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=420319&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

253.
Alegi P, Bolsmann C. South Africa and the global game: football, apartheid and beyond. Vol. Sport in the global society. Contemporary perspectives. London: Routledge; 2010.

254.
Beinart W, Dubow S. Segregation and apartheid in twentieth-century South Africa [Internet]. Vol. Rewriting histories. London: Routledge; 1995. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=32017&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

255.
Philip I. Levy. Sanctions on South Africa: What Did They Do? The American Economic Review [Internet]. 1999;89(2):415–20. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/117146?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

256.
Mandela N, Van Wyk C, Bouma P. Long walk to freedom. New York: Roaring Brook Press; 2009.

257.
Walshe P. The Rise of African nationalism in South Africa: the African National Congress, 1912-1952. London: C. Hurst; 1970.

258.
Phillip Bonner. African urbanisation on the Rand between the 1930s and 1960s: its social character and political consequences. Journal of southern African studies [Internet]. 1995;21(1):115–29. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2637334

259.
Waldmeir P. Anatomy of a miracle: the end of apartheid and the birth of the new South Africa. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press; 1998.

260.
Posel D. The making of apartheid, 1948-1961: conflict and compromise. [New ed.]. Vol. Oxford studies in African affairs. Oxford: Clarendon; 1997.

261.
Alegi P, Bolsmann C. South Africa and the global game: football, apartheid and beyond. London: Routledge; 2010.

262.
Alden C. Apartheid’s last stand: the rise and fall of the South African security state. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1996.

263.
Ellis S, Sechaba T. Comrades against apartheid: the ANC & the South African Communist Party in exile. London: James Currey; 1992.

264.
Cobbing J. The Mfecane as alibi: thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo. Journal of African history [Internet]. 1988;29(3):487–519. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/182353

265.
Gourevitch P. We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: stories from Rwanda. London: Picador; 1999.

266.
Prunier G. The Rwanda crisis: history of a genocide. [Rev. ed.]. London: Hurst; 1998.

267.
Hatzfeld J. A time for machetes: the Rwandan genocide - the killers speak. London: Serpent’s Tail; 2008.

268.
Mamdani M. When victims become killers: colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda [Internet]. Oxford: James Currey; 2001. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=611221&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

269.
Richard Dowden. Comment: The Rwandan Genocide: How the Press Missed the Story. A Memoir. African Affairs [Internet]. 2004;103(411):283–90. Available from: http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk/stable/3518613?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=rwanda&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Famp%3D%26filter%3Djid%253A10.2307%252Fj100046%26Query%3Drwanda&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

270.
Pottier J. Re-imagining Rwanda: conflict, survival and disinformation in the late twentieth century [Internet]. Vol. African studies series. Cambridge [U.K.]: Cambridge University Press; 2002. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=41977&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

271.
African Rights (Organization). Rwanda: death, despair, and defiance. Rev. ed. London: African Rights; 1995.

272.
Uvin P. Ethnicity and power in Burundi and Rwanda: different paths to mass violence. Comparative Politics [Internet]. 1999;31(3):253–71. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/422339?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

273.
Newbury D. Understanding genocide. African Studies Review [Internet]. 1998;41(1):73–97. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/524682?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

274.
Dallaire R, Beardsley B. Shake hands with the devil: the failure of humanity in Rwanda. London: Arrow; 2004.

275.
Reyntjens F. Rwanda, ten years on: from genocide to dictatorship. African Affairs [Internet]. 2004;103(411):177–210. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518608?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

276.
Melvern L, Williams P. Britannia waived the rules: the major government and the 1994 Rwandan genocide. African Affairs [Internet]. 2004;103(410):1–22. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518418?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

277.
Lemarchand R. Managing transition anarchies: Rwanda, Burundi, and South Africa in comparative perspective. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1994;32(4):581–604. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161565?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

278.
Hintjens HM. Explaining the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1999;37(2):241–86. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161847?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

279.
Schimmel N. An invisible genocide: how the Western media failed to report the 1994 Rwandan genocide of the Tutsi and why. The International Journal of Human Rights [Internet]. 2011 Oct;15(7):1125–35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2010.499728

280.
Melvern L. Missing the story: The media and the Rwandan genocide. Contemporary Security Policy [Internet]. 2001 Dec;22(3):91–106. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/135232605123313911248

281.
Clarke JN. British media and the Rwandan Genocide [Internet]. London, [England]: Routledge; 2018. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brunelu/detail.action?docID=5207183

282.
Wallis A. Silent accomplice: the untold story of France’s role in the Rwandan genocide. London: I. B. Tauris; 2006.

283.
Africa’s illiberal state-builders — Refugee Studies Centre [Internet]. Available from: http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/africas-illiberal-state-builders

284.
Abbink J. Discomfiture of democracy? The 2005 election crisis in Ethiopia and its aftermath. African Affairs [Internet]. 2005 Oct 14;105(419):173–99. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876785

285.
Lindemann S. Just another change of guard? Broad-based politics and civil war in Museveni’s Uganda. African Affairs [Internet]. 2011 Jul 1;110(440):387–416. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41240212

286.
Aalen L, Tronvoll K. The end of democracy? Curtailing political and civil rights in Ethiopia. Review of African Political Economy [Internet]. 2009 Jun;36(120):193–207. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/27756261

287.
Moyo D. Dead aid: why aid makes things worse and how there is another way for Africa. London: Penguin; 2010.

288.
Seymour LJM. Sovereignty, territory and authority: boundary maintenance in contemporary Africa. Critical African Studies [Internet]. 2013 Mar;5(1):17–31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/21681392.2013.774791

289.
Julius O. Ihonvbere. Are Things Falling Apart? the Military and the Crisis of Democratisation in Nigeria. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1996;34(2):193–225. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/162029?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

290.
Célestin Monga. Civil Society and Democratisation in Francophone Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1995;33(3):359–79. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161481?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

291.
Samuel M. Makinda. Democracy and Multi-Party Politics in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1996;34(4):555–73. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161588?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

292.
Amii Omara-Otunnu. The Struggle for Democracy in Uganda. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1992;30(3):443–63. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161167?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

293.
African identities. 12. Available from: http://cm7ly9cu9w.search.serialssolutions.com/?V=1.0&N=100&L=CM7LY9CU9W&S=A_T_B&C=African+identities+

294.
Cross H. Divisive democracy and popular struggle in Africa. Review of African Political Economy [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2;42(143):1–6. Available from: http://cm7ly9cu9w.search.serialssolutions.com/ctx?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Divisive+democracy+and+popular+struggle+in+Africa&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03056244.2015.1015251&rft.volume=42&rft.spage=1&rft.issn=0305-6244&rft.epage=6&rft.issue=143&rft.eissn=1740-1720&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.aulast=Cross

295.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

296.
Iliffe J. Africans: the history of a continent. 2nd ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.

297.
Clapham CS. Africa and the international system: the politics of state survival. Vol. Cambridge studies in international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.

298.
Bayart JF, Ellis S, Hibou B, International African Institute. The criminalization of the state in Africa. Vol. African issues. [London]: International African Institute in association with J. Currey, Oxford; 1999.

299.
Reno W. Warlord politics and African states. Pbk. ed. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers; 1999.

300.
Filip Reyntjens. Rwanda, Ten Years on: From Genocide to Dictatorship. African Affairs [Internet]. 2004;103(411):177–210. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518608?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

301.
David N. Plank. Aid, Debt, and the End of Sovereignty: Mozambique and Its Donors. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1993;31(3):407–30. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161203?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

302.
Chabal P, Daloz JP. Africa works: disorder as political instrument. In: Africa works: disorder as political instrument [Internet]. [London]: International African Institute in association with James Currey, Oxford; 1999. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=5c07b4f1-3392-e711-80cb-005056af4099

303.
Albaugh EA. An autocrat’s toolkit: adaptation and manipulation in ‘democratic’ Cameroon. Democratization [Internet]. 2011 Apr;18(2):388–414. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.553361

304.
Mercer C. Performing partnership: civil society and the illusions of good governance in Tanzania. Political Geography [Internet]. 2003 Sep;22(7):741–63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-6298(03)00103-3

305.
Stephen Brown. Authoritarian Leaders and Multiparty Elections in Africa: How Foreign Donors Help to Keep Kenya’s Daniel Arap Moi in Power. Third World Quarterly [Internet]. 2001;22(5):725–39. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3993672?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

306.
Lynch G, Crawford G. Democratization in Africa 1990–2010: an assessment. Democratization [Internet]. 2011 Apr;18(2):275–310. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.554175

307.
Fatton R. Africa in the Age of Democratization: The Civic Limitations of Civil Society. African Studies Review [Internet]. 1995 Sep;38(2). Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/525318

308.
Hearn J. African NGOs: The New Compradors? Development and Change [Internet]. 2007 Nov;38(6):1095–110. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00447.x

309.
Reid RJ. A history of modern Africa: 1800 to the present [Internet]. 2nd ed. Vol. Concise history of the modern world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=333782&entityid=https://idp.brunel.ac.uk/entity

310.
Cheeseman N, Lynch G, Willis J. Democracy and its discontents: understanding Kenya’s 2013 elections. Journal of Eastern African Studies [Internet]. 2014 Jan 2;8(1):2–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2013.874105

311.
Bayart JF, Ellis S, Hibou B, International African Institute. The criminalization of the state in Africa. Vol. African issues. [London]: International African Institute in association with J. Currey, Oxford; 1999.

312.
Iliffe J. Africans: the history of a continent. 2nd ed. Vol. African studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.

313.
Young C. The end of the Post-Colonial state in Africa? Reflections on changing African political dynamics. African Affairs [Internet]. 2004;103(410):23–49. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518419?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

314.
de Waal A. Who are the Darfurians? Arab and African identities, violence and external engagement. African Affairs [Internet]. 2005;104(415):181–205. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3518441?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

315.
REID R. Horror, hubris and humanity: the international engagement with Africa, 1914-2014. International Affairs [Internet]. 2014 Jan;90(1):143–66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12100

316.
Nugent P. Africa since independence: a comparative history. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan; 2004.

317.
Volman D. Africa and the New World Order. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1993;31(1):1–30. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161341?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

318.
Riddell JB. Things fall apart again: structural adjustment programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies [Internet]. 1992;30(1):53–68. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/161046?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Bibliography for PX2606 Themes in the History of Modern Africa BETA